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Cooperating While
Competing:
Industry Opportunities
and Policy Challenges
Space Exploration and International Cooperation
Symposium
George Washington University, 21-22 June 2004
21 June 2004
Doug Young
NG Lead Executive for Project Constellation
Northrop Grumman Corporation
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Copyright 2004 Northrop Grumman Corporation
International Space Cooperation:
U.S. Policy and Practice
• International Space Cooperation Is Both Old and New
– Established in National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
– Past: Developing, Launching, and Operating SATCOMM,
Scientific, and Earth Sensing Satellites; Apollo-Soyuz, and
Educational Projects
– Current: International Space Station (ISS), Space Science
Programs
– New: Human Exploration Programs and Activities
• Long-standing Cooperation Themes in National Space
Policy
– Protecting National Security Interests While Promoting
Foreign Policy Considerations
– Advancing National Science and Technology Through
Cooperation in Basic Scientific Research That, in Turn, Lead
to Other Cooperative Undertakings
– Maximizing Economic Benefits
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Commission on Moon, Mars, and Beyond:
• Related Recommendations:
— International Talents and Technologies Will Be of
Significant Value in Vision’s Implementation
– NASA Should Pursue International Partnerships Based on
an Architecture That Would Encourage Global Investment in
Support of Vision
– NASA Should Consider Establishing Organization to
Pursue Cutting-edge Technologies in Private Sector of
Relevance to Exploration Encouraging Commercial
Activities Through:
 Prizes
 Tax Incentives
 Regulatory Relief, Including Changing Existing Liability
Laws to Set a Reasonable Standard for Implied Consent
 Property Rights in Space
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Opportunities for Firm-to-Firm Collaboration:
Criteria for Cooperation
• Domestic Interests Criteria
– Foreign Policy
– National Constraints
– International Treaties and Less-formal Agreements
– Program Scale, Stability, and Risk
– Management Regime of Partnership
– Confidence in Partnership
• Materials Benefits Criteria
– Financial
– Industrial Development
– Access to Expanded Knowledge and Skills Base
– Access to Benefits of Space
(Products/services/infrastructure)
– Niche Capabilities
Source: Fact Sheet on the AIAA International Space Cooperation Workshop Series, 2004.
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Challenges to Firm-to-Firm Collaboration
• Legal
– U.S. Export Control and Technology Transfer Laws and
Regulations
– Differing Legal Regimes Among Potential Partners
– International Space and Other Treaties
• National Interests and Competition
– Who’s in Charge?
– Who’s Paying for the Activity?
– Relationship to Other Foreign Policy Interests?
– Relationship to Domestic Interests?
• Views Based on Past Experiences
– Reliability As Collaborative Partner
– Licensing Process and Congressional Oversight,
Funding and Resource Management Over Long Term
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To Succeed…
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Governmental Leadership
in Setting Bilateral and
Multilateral Framework for
Firm-to-firm Cooperation
Sustained Government-toGovernment Space
Exploration Investment To
Foster Cooperation and
Competitiveness
Easing of Import-Export
Regulations Will Stimulate
Cooperation and
Competition
Cooperation Can Accelerate Space Exploration
A 45 Year Partner in Mission Success