Chapter 18 Section 1
The Roots of Imperialism
Objectives:
• Identify the key factors that prodded
America to expand.
• Explain how the United States took its first
steps toward increased global power.
• Summarize the chain of events leading up
to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii.
Terms and People
•
imperialism – policy by which stronger nations extend
their political, economic, and military, control over
weaker territories
•
Alfred T. Mahan – naval historian who advocated for
naval power as the basis for a great nation; urged the
United States to build a modern fleet
•
Social Darwinism − belief that Darwin’s theory of the
survival of the fittest should be applied to societies,
justifying imperialism
•
Frederick J. Turner – historian who noted the closure
of the American frontier; his ideas were used by others
to urge U.S. overseas expansion
•
Matthew Perry – U.S. naval commander who sailed a
fleet into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and opened trade with
Japan
IMPERIALISM
Imperialism is the idea
that strong countries
should take over
weak countries and
rule them.
WHO WERE THESE EMPIRE
BUILDERS?
•
•
•
•
GREAT BRITAIN
HOLLAND
SPAIN
GERMANY
These countries had colonies all over the world in
•
•
•
AFRICA
ASIA
LATIN AMERICA
EVERYONE WANTS A PIECE OF
THE PIE
Major factors that drove imperialism
RAW MATERIALS
OTHER LANDS
HAVE
RAW MATERIALS
THE US NEEDS THE
RAW MATERIALS
FOR ITS MANY
FACTORIES
MARKETS
OTHER LANDS
WILL BUY US
GOODS. THE US
HAS MORE GOODS
THAN THE US CAN
BUY
POWER
(powerful countries
Take over weak ones
ADVENTURE
COUNTRIES SUCH
AS ENGLAND &
FRANCE HAVE
EMPIRES. THE US
WANTS AS MUCH
POWER AS THEY
HAVE.
OTHER
PLACES HAVE
LAND TO BE
SETTLED. THE
US IS ALREADY
SETTLED
SHOULD THE US EXPAND?
ARGUMENT #1
FOR EXPANSION
•
AN EMPIRE WILL MAKE THE US
RICH AND POWERFUL. The U.S
should not be left out since other
countries have taken other lands.
•
IT IS THE DUTY OF THE US TO
GOVERN OTHER PEOPLE
BELIEVED TO BE INFERIOR.
(White Man’s Burden)
•
THE US SHOULD SPREAD
CHRISTAIN BELIEF THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD.
ARGUMENT #2
AGAINST EXPANSION
•
THE US HAS ENOUGH PROBLEMS
TO TAKE CARE OF IN AMERICA.
IT CANNOT TAKE CARE OF
PROBLEMS IN LANDS ACROSS
THE OCEAN.
•
AMERICAN IS THE LAND OF THE
FREE. THE US HAS NO RIGHT TO
TAKE AWAY OTHER PEOPLE’S
FREEDOM AND TELL THEM WHAT
TO DO.
Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s
Burden (1899)
“…take up the White Man’s burden, send forth the best ye
breed, go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives’ need,
to wait in heavy harness, on fluttered folk and wild, your new
caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child…”
• What does he mean by “the White Man’s
Burden”?
• What does the word captives indicate?
• What does the final line tell us about his view
of different cultures?
HOW WOULD THE US COMPETE AGAINST OTHER
GLOBAL POWERS FOR COLONIES?
• THE US NEEDED A STRONG NAVY TO
PROTECT ITS ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN
FOREIGN MARKETS.
• In his book, THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER
ON HISTORY, ALFRED THAYER MAHAN
argued that the U.S. needed a strong navy and
overseas naval and bases to protect its
economic interests overseas.
Alaska:
• Secretary of State William Seward purchased
Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867.
– Critics mocked “Seward’s Icebox” and “Seward’s
Folly” as a far off and useless frozen tundra
but…
– valuable resources, including timber, and oil,
were found
– and Alaska doubled America’s territory
ALASKA
•
The U.S. adds Alaska in 1867.
•
It is purchased from Russia for $7.2 million by
Secretary of State William Seward.
•
It is called “Seward’s Folly” because people
could not understand why the U.S. would want
it. (Gold was discovered there in 1867. It also
has oil, fish and furs.)
HAWAII
• The U.S. gets the king of Hawaii to accept a
constitution that gives the U.S. control.
• His sister Queen Liliuokalani tries to regain
power but is unsuccessful and she is dethroned
in 1898.
• U.S. annexes (takes Hawaii in) and in 1900 it
becomes a U.S. Territory.
• Hawaii is a good place for naval bases and
trading stops between the U.S. and Asia. It is
also a good supply of sugar and pineapple
Chapter 18
Section 2
The Spanish – American War
Objectives:
• Explain the causes of the
Spanish – American War.
• Identify the major battles of the
war.
• Describe the consequences of
the war, including the debate
over imperialism.
Terms and People
• José Martí – Cuban patriot who launched a war for
independence from Spain in 1895
• William Randolph Hearst – owner of the
New York Journal who, along with Joseph Pulitzer
of the New York World, started the Yellow Press
• Yellow Press – newspapers that used sensational headlines
and exaggeration to promote readership
• jingoism – aggressive nationalism
• George Dewey – commodore of the U.S. squadron that
destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
Terms and People (continued)
• Emilio Aguinaldo – leader of Filipino nationalists who
defeated the Spanish Army
• Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry unit assembled by Theodore
Roosevelt, famous for their 1898 charge at San Juan Hill
• Treaty of Paris – ended the Spanish-American War and
included U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and the purchase of the
Philippines
Reasons to fight. Rate them. Which one is the best/worst reason and why?
Reasons for War
The US is directly
attacked by a
foreign nation
Property of the US
or its citizens
(ships, overseas
business, etc.) is
attacked by a
foreign nation
To acquire new land
or territory
To protect foreign
industries vital to
the US (ex. Oil)
Good
1
3
2
4
Bad
5
1
3
2
4
5
1
3
2
4
5
1
3
2
4
5
Let’s Look at war with
Spain
• Cuba and Puerto Rico
were Spanish possession
in the Americas.
• Cuba began to revolt
against Spain.
Spain sends General
Valerianio Weyler to put
down the rebellion.
• 200,000 Cubans died of
starvation and disease in
Concentration camps
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
CUBA
• Cubans try to free their country from Spanish rule but
without success.
• Jose Marti is a Cuban fighter devoted to the revolution.
He is exiled from Cuba and ends up in New York writing
about the war. His writings fuels Cuban independence.
• He races back to fight in Cuba and dies a martyr (as
hero who dies for his cause).
• The war in Cuba against Spain is a guerrilla war where
rebels make surprise attacks and then disappear.
The Yellow Press
•
•
•
•
US was sympathetic to Cuba’s cause for
independence.
The U.S. press encouraged war with Spain.
Newspapers tried to stir up emotional hatred of
Spain by printing gruesome & sometimes
made-up stories about the atrocities committed
by Spain in order to sell newspapers. (Yellow
Journalism).
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
were rival newspaper tycoons whose papers
printed these stories.
Activity
• Pulitzer and Hearst agreed that
the key to selling newspapers
was an attention grabbing
emotional headline.
• Discuss the words you see
that appeal to people’s
emotions.
Activity
• Rewrite the following headlines in the
style of yellow journalism.
– 1. Dead Body Found in Creek
– 2. Grocery Store Robbed
– 3. Local Building Burned Down
• Remember you want each title to include
alarming or sensational words that would
prompt people to buy the paper and find
out more.
Remember the Maine!
• The U.S decided to go to war
with Spain to keep European
military bases away from the
U.S. and to protect U.S.
tobacco and sugar plantations
in Cuba.
• The USS Maine was sent to
Cuba to protect US lives and
property. The ship sinks and
Spain is blamed.
• “Remember the Maine”
becomes a rallying cry for war.
• Ex. Never Forget
• President McKinley doesn’t
want war but due to public
pressure declares it after the
Maine sinks.
Spanish American War
• First fighting began in the Philippines… another
Spanish possession.
• Commodore George Dewey conquers the
Philippines and seizes Manila.
• T.R. resigns his post as Assistant Secretary to
the navy and leads a group of soldiers known as
the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill in Cuba.
• Spain surrenders in Cuba
• U.S. troops defeat Spain in Puerto Rico too.
COST OF WAR TO SPAIN
• Gave up all claims to Cuba
• Cede the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam to
the US.
• In return for a $20 million payment by the US,
Spain gave up control of the Philippines.
These places are good for naval bases and places
to obtain raw materials and market goods.
US Gains and Losses
• US becomes a
imperialist world
power.
• Cost of war to US
– 400 Americans died in
battles
– 5000 Americans died
from food poisoning
Americans Debate Imperialism
William Jennings Bryan
& Mark Twain:
• Critics of
imperialism
• Attacked it, it was
against American
principles
• The American AntiImperialist League
was formed in
1899
President McKinley:
• Supported
imperialism
• Argued the United
States had a
responsibility to
“uplift and civilize”
the Filipo people
Chapter 18
Section 3
The United States and
East Asia
Objectives:
• Examine the causes and
consequences of the
Philippine insurrection.
• Analyze the effects of the
Open Door Policy.
• Describe how the United
States dealt with the rising
Terms and People
•
insurrection – a rebellion or revolt
•
guerrilla warfare – form of nontraditional warfare, generally
by small bands of fighters
•
William Howard Taft –governor of the Philippines in 1901,
later president of the United States
•
spheres of influence – zones in China that gave European
powers exclusive access to commerce
•
John Hay – U.S. Secretary of State who asserted the Open
Door Policy in China
Terms and People (continued)
•
“Gentlemen’s Agreement” – pact between the United
States and Japan to end segregation of Asian children in San
Francisco public schools. In return, Japan agreed to limit the
immigration of its citizens to the United States
•
Great White Fleet – 1907 world cruise by an armada of U.S.
battleships to demonstrate American naval strength
Terms and People (continued)
•
Boxer Rebellion – 1900 revolt by secret Chinese societies
against outside influences
•
Open Door Policy – Secretary of State John Hay’s policy of
opposing European colonies and spheres of influence in China
•
Russo-Japanese War – war between Japan and Russia in
1904 over the presence of Russian troops in Manchuria
The Philippines:
• The United States
purchased the
Philippines for $20
million in the Treaty of
Paris (1898).
• McKinley:
“The Filipinos First
Bath” 
The Philippines (Continued):
• Many were angry over the United
States’ possession over the
Philippines.
– Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo
used guerilla warfare in an organized
insurrection against the U.S.
American
press reacted
defended with
the brutality
by and
saying,
– The U.S.
brutality
“theyracism.
must yield before the superior race.”
William H. Taft; 1st Governor –
General of the Philippines (1901):
William Howard Taft censored the press and jailed
many, but he also…
• Established a health care system
• Staffed schools
• Built roads and bridges
• Extended limited self-rule
Independence:
• In 1916, Congress
passed the Jones
Act which pledged
to give the
Philippines their
independence.
– It did not become an
independent state
until 30 years later.
The U.S. Establishes Naval Bases
• The U.S. can now establish naval bases
and refueling stations in the Pacific Ocean
so that it can trade with Asia.
• Midway
added 1867
• Guam
added 1898
• Wake Island added 1899
Let’s look at
CHINA
•
China is rich in natural resources
and struggles to keep foreign
countries out.
•
Foreign countries want parts of
China because its natural
resources and new places to sell
European goods will make the
European countries rich.
•
In 1895 China is attacked by
Japan.
•
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
Foreign nations (Britain, France,
Germany and Russia) take areas
of China and declare exclusive
rights over mines, railroads and
trade.
OPEN DOOR POLICY
• Not wanting to be left out, the U.S. calls for equal access to China’s
railroads and ports for trade and investments. This policy was called
the Open Door Policy.
• In other words the U.S. did not want to be left out of taking natural
resources and setting up new markets in China, just like European
countries were doing.
• John Hay was the Secretary of State who called for the Open Door.
BOXER REBELLION
• The Chinese resented foreign
control of its country.
• Many resented missionaries
who came to China to convert
the Chinese to Christianity.
• The Boxers (AKA Fists of
Righteous Harmony) attacked
& killed 300 foreigners.
• China had to pay $333 million
for damages to European
powers.
Anti-Asian Prejudice:
• Disrupted relations with Japan
• Was extremely prevalent on the West Coast
– San Francisco School Board banned Asian
students from attending
classes with white students
Roosevelt negotiated a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in which the
school board removed the ban, and in exchange, Japan limited
emigration to the United States
Great White Fleet:
• 1907, 16
battleships
• Demonstrated
the U.S.’s
growing military
power
Chapter 18
Section 4
The United States and Latin
America
Objectives:
• Examine what happened to
Puerto Rico and Cuba after the
Spanish – American War.
• Analyze the effects of
Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy.
• Compare Wilson’s “moral
diplomacy” with the foreign
Terms and People
•
Foraker Act – established civil government in Puerto Rico with an appointed
governor
•
Platt Amendment – set of conditions under which Cuba was granted
independence in 1902, including restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting to
the U.S. the “right to intervene” to preserve order in Cuba
•
“big stick” diplomacy – Theodore Roosevelt’s approach to international
relations that depended on a strong military to achieve its aims
•
Panama Canal – waterway dug across Panama to shorten the trip between the Atlantic
and the Pacific
•
Roosevelt Corollary – President Theodore Roosevelt’s reassertion of the Monroe
Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers
•
“dollar diplomacy” – President Taft’s policy to encourage investment rather than use
force in Latin America
Terms and People (continued)
•
“moral diplomacy” – President Wilson’s statement that the
U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but
would instead work to promote human rights
•
Francisco “Pancho” Villa – Mexican guerrilla and outlaw
who eluded capture by General Pershing for 11 months from
1916 to early 1917
The U.S. victory in the
Spanish - American War left
the fate of Puerto Rico and
Cuba unresolved…
THE US IN LATIN AMERICA
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick”
Diplomacy
Speak Softly, and Carry a Big Stick, You Will Go Far!
PANAMA
• TR wants to build a canal through
Columbia so:
– The US can protect its possessions in the
Pacific.
– The US navy can move ships into action
faster for military purposes.
– The US can trade quickly and cheaply with
countries and possessions in the Pacific and
in Asia.
The Panama Canal:
The World’s Most Important Shortcut! The 8th
PROBLEMS!
• TR offers Columbia $10 million to build
the canal but Columbia is hoping for more
money.
• Meanwhile the Panamanian people in
Columbia are revolting and want to break
away from Columbia to make their own
country.
• TR sends US war ships to help them.
The Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• The Panamanian people win
independence from Columbia with the help
of the US and quickly sign a treaty
allowing the U.S. to build the canal (US
pays them $10 million).
THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
• THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN 1823 TOLD EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES TO STAY OUT OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
•
• By 1900 European nations lend Latin American countries large
amounts of money they can not pay back. The European countries
threaten to invade nations such as Venezuela and the Dominican
Republic.
• President Roosevelt tells European countries that the U.S. will act
as an international police force in Latin America if they should
want to invade. This is known as the Roosevelt Corollary
(addition) to the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. tells these countries that
the U.S. will not tolerate any foreign influences in the Western
Hemisphere.
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
– President Taft wanted to influence Latin
America in a peaceful way.
– Taft encouraged American banks to invest in
Latin America. This was called DOLLAR
DIPLOMACY. (Instead of bullets we will used
dollars to help Latin American countries do
better)
– Dollar Diplomacy was not very successful
since the US sent troops into Latin America to
protect US investments when revolution broke
out.
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
• Supported human rights
and national integrity
rather than U.S. selfinterest
• Promised the U.S. would
“never again seek one
additional foot of territory by