CPE/CSC 580:
Knowledge Management
Dr. Franz J. Kurfess
Computer Science Department
Cal Poly
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 1
Course Overview
 Introduction
 Knowledge




Retrieval
Information Retrieval
Knowledge Navigation
 Knowledge


Presentation
Exchange
Knowledge Capture,
Transfer, and Distribution
 Usage
Organization
Classification, Categorization
Ontologies, Taxonomies,
Thesauri
 Knowledge

Processing
Knowledge Acquisition,
Representation and
Manipulation
 Knowledge

 Knowledge
of Knowledge
Access Patterns, User
Feedback
 Knowledge
Management
Techniques

Topic Maps, Agents
 Knowledge
Management
Tools
 Knowledge Management in
Organizations
Knowledge Visualization
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 2
Overview Knowledge Exchange
 Motivation
 Transfer

 Objectives
 Knowledge




Explicit Capture
Extraction From Text
Case-based Reasoning
Enhancement of Existing
Documents
Communication

Capture
of Knowledge

Basic Concepts
Language and Communication



Natural Language
Formal Languages
Communication Models
 Distribution


of Knowledge
Knowledge Repositories
Distribution Models
 Important
Concepts and
Terms
 Chapter Summary
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 3
Logistics
 Term
Project
 Documentation
 Schedule
 Lab
and Homework Assignments
 Schedule
 Exams
 Grading
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 4
The Need for Knowledge Exchange
WWW
Introductory texts,
expert hints, explanations,
dialogues, comments,
examples, exceptions,...
Richer representations
More ambiguous
More versatile
Info. extraction templates,
dialogue segments and pegs,
filled-out forms, high-level
connections,...
Descriptions augmented
with prototypical examples &
exceptions, problem-solving
steps and substeps, ...
(((
))
())))
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
(defconcept
bridge ()))
Alternative formalizations
(KIF, MELD, CML,…),
alternative views of the same
notion (e.g., what is a threat)
[Gil 2000]
More formal
More concrete
More introspectible
Knowledge Exchange 5
Knowledge Mobility
 multiple
views and versions of the same information
 need
to provide tools that establish connections among
alternative versions/views of the same information
 hyper-connectivity
 need
to provide tools that suggest further connections to
related sources when users compose documents
 need to annotate hyperlinks
 basis
to support information morphing
 how



one or more knowledge sources are used for
alternative purposes
track alternative knowledge transformations
various renderings and implementations of a knowledge source
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 6
Pre-Test
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 7
Motivation
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 8
Objectives
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 9
Knowledge Capture
 Explicit
Capture
 Extraction From Text
 Case-based Reasoning
 Enhancement of Existing Documents
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 10
Explicit Capture
 conventional
techniques for knowledge acquisition
 interviews
with experts
 knowledge engineers
 advantages
 carefully
constructed
 suitable knowledge representation methods
 usually common-sense evaluation
 sometimes formal evaluation

consistency checks, other formal aspects
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 11
Extraction From Text
 syntactic
level
 keywords

essentially construction of an index
 descriptive
 semantic
level
 document

structure
requires information about structure

tags, DDT, RDF
 sentence

features
structure
natural language processing (NLP)
 pragmatic
level
 context

thesaurus, ontology, NLP
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 12
Case-based Reasoning
 solutions
to a problem in a specific context are
collected
 represented in a structured format
 problem,
context, solution
 usable by a computer-based system
 cases are often represented through frames or similar
mechanisms
 new
cases are matched against existing ones
 patterns
in the frames provide the basis for matching
 the suitability of the solution is judged by the user
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 13
Enhancement of Existing Documents
 in
addition to the methods mentioned above,
collections of documents can be enhanced
 addition
of meta-knowledge
 integration into an existing framework/ontology
manually through categorization
 automatically through keyword extraction
 indirectly through statistical correlations with other documents

© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 14
Transfer of Knowledge
 Communication
 Basic
Concepts
 Language and Communication
Natural Language
 Formal Languages

 Communication
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Models
Knowledge Exchange 15
Basic Concepts
 communication
 exchange
of information
 requires a shared system of signs
 greatly enhanced by language
 speaker
produces signs as utterances
 general: not only spoken language

 listener

(hearer)
perceives and interprets signs
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 16
Purpose of Communication
 sharing
of information among agents or systems
 query
other agents for information
 responses to queries
 requests or commands

actions to be performed for another agent
 offer

proposition for collaboration
 acknowledgement

confirmation of requests, offers
 sharing

of experiences, feelings
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 17
Communication Problems
 intention

what is the expected outcome (speaker’s perspective)
 timing

when is a communication act appropriate
 selection

which act is the right one
 language

what sign system should be used
 interpretation

will the intended meaning be conveyed to the listener
 ambiguity

can the intention be expressed without the possibility of
misunderstandings
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 18
Language and Communication
 Natural
Language
 used
by humans
 evolves over time
 moderately to highly ambiguous
 Formal
Languages
 invented
 rigidly
defined
 little ambiguity
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 19
Natural Language
 formal
description is very difficult
 sometimes
 mostly
non-systematic, inconsistent, ambiguous
used for human communication
 easy
on humans
 tough on computers
 context
is critical
 situation,
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
beliefs, goals
Knowledge Exchange 20
Formal Languages
 symbols
 terminal
symbols
finite set of basic words
 not: alphabet, characters

 non-terminal

symbols
intermediate structures composed of terminal or non-terminal
symbols
 strings
 sequences
of symbols
 phrases
 sub-strings
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
grouping important parts of a string
Knowledge Exchange 21
Formal Languages Cont.
 sentences
 allowable
strings in a language
 composed from phrases
 grammar
 rules
describing correct sentences
 often captured as rewrite rules in BNF notation
 lexicon
 list
of allowable vocabulary words
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 22
Communication Models
 encoded
message model
a
definite proposition of the speaker is encoded into signs
which are transmitted to the listener
 the listener tries to decode the signs to retrieve the original
proposition
 errors are consequences of transmission problems
 situated
language model
 the
intended meaning of a message depends on the
signals as well as the situation in which they are
exchanged
 mis-interpretation may lead to additional problems
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 23
Communication Types
 telepathic
communication
 speaker
and listener have a shared internal representation
 communication through Tell/Ask directives
 language-based
communication
 speaker
performs actions that produce signs which other
agents can perceive and interpret
 communication language is different from the internal
representation
 more complex


involves several mappings
language needs to be generated, encoded, transmitted, decoded,
and interpreted
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 24
Telepathic Communication
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Russell & Norvig 1995]
Knowledge Exchange 25
Language-Based Communication
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Russell & Norvig 1995]
Knowledge Exchange 26
Communication Steps: Speaker
 intention
 decision
about producing a speech act
 generation
 conversion
of the information to be transferred into the
chosen language
 synthesis
 actions
that produce the generated signs
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 27
Communication Steps: Listener
 perception
 reception

of the signs produced by the speaker
speech recognition, lip reading, character recognition
 analysis


syntactic interpretation (parsing)
semantic interpretation
 disambiguation

selection of the most probable intended meaning
 incorporation

the selected interpretation is added to the existing world model as
additional piece of evidence
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 28
Communication Example
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Russell & Norvig 1995]
Knowledge Exchange 29
Distribution of Knowledge
 Knowledge
 Digital
Repositories
Libraries
 Distribution
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Models
Knowledge Exchange 30
Knowledge Repositories
 persistent
 internal

storage of digital documents
representation in the original format
loss-less transformation may be acceptable
 transparent
internal organization
 multiple
presentation methods for various users and usage
methods
 multiple
access methods
 according
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
to users’ needs and capabilities
Knowledge Exchange 31
Digital Libraries
 collections
of documents and artifacts stored and
accessed via computers
 remotely accessible through networks
 enhanced functionality compared with paper-based
libraries
 access
methods
 organization principles
 duplication
 implementation
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
and usage unclear
Knowledge Exchange 32
Vision...
“… a network of learning environments and
resources for Science, Mathematics,
Engineering and Technology education, will
ultimately meet the needs of students and
teachers at all levels—K-12, undergraduate,
graduate, and lifelong learning—in both
individual and collaborative settings.”
NSF
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 33
NEEDS
 National
Berkeley
Stanford
Northern
Arizona
UMBC
Virginia
Tech
digital
library emerging
from the Synthesis Coalition (1990 - 1999)
 Integrated database of multimedia courseware
 Multilevel courseware evaluation system
 Community
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
of Engineering Educators
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 34
www.needs.org - Contents
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 35
www.needs.org - Communities
 Community
- a group of individuals who engage in
communication through a common bond.
 Faculty prefer to learn where they are a member of a
community that is built upon shared values and
interests regarding teaching, learning, and pedagogy
 GOAL: Provide faculty a means to learn from one
another unconstrained by barriers of time, distance,
technology, and geography.
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 36
Towards A National SMETE Digital
Library...
Should NSF Establish and Fund a National Science,
Mathematics, Engineering and Technology Education
Digital Library?

April 1996 - NSF Committee Meeting (LIBUSE)
•

August 1997 National Research Council
•

Digital National Library for SME&T Education Workshop
July 1998 National Science Foundation


“Towards a National Library for Undergraduate Science Education
Resources in Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology”
SMETE-Lib Workshop
January 1999 National Science Foundation

Digital Libraries and Education Workshop
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Funding through
Digital Libraries
Initiative – Phase 2
And NSDL Programs
Knowledge Exchange 37
www.needs.org
Delivery
 Classrooms
 Instructional
Labs
 Small Study
Groups
 Residences
 Libraries
 Anywhere
Database
Development
 Courseware
Studios
 Instructional
Labs
 Faculty Offices
& Residences
 Libraries
 Anywhere
NEEDS is the foundation for the National SMETE Digital
Library at www.smete.org.
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 38
NEEDS Aspects
 Digital


Library of Multimedia Engineering Courseware
Bibliographic records with downloadable courseware
Multimedia elements - downloadable movies, images, and
text
 Multilevel



Courseware Evaluation System
Peer Review of Courseware
Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education
Courseware
Expanding Services and Features
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 39
How does NEEDS help users
“re-use” learning materials?
 Provides
mechanisms to help user locate materials
 Uses
standardized descriptions (metadata) to describe
resources
 Provides
mechanisms to help users evaluate the “quality
of materials”
 Developed



upon an extendable platform to:
Support multiple uses
Integrate new services and features
Integrate research
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 40
Quality Review of Courseware
on the NEEDS Database
 Establish
credibility of NEEDS as a source of Quality
educational material
 Enhance recognition of scholarly and creative effort of
courseware developers


Peer/Expert Review of Courseware
Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering
Education Courseware
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 41
The Premier Award for Excellence in
Engineering Education Courseware
 A national
competition to identify and reward the authors of
high-quality, non-commercial courseware designed to
enhance engineering education.

The Premier Award is about the entire experience of using the
courseware by learners, not just the courseware itself
 A dissemination
system to distribute the Premier Courseware
(via CD’s and presentation at engineering education
conferences).
Premier Courseware of 1997-1999



Virtual Disk Drive
Design Studio
Drill Dissection and
Bicycle Dissection
Mars Navigator



Della Steam Plant
MDSolids
Structural
Engineering Visual
Encyclopedia UNH


Engineering
Graphics
Cracking Dams
6,700 CD-ROMs Distributed
For more info or to receive copies go to
http://www.needs.org/engineering/premier/
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 43
Needs Assessment with Members of the
Math, Science and Engineering
Community
Purpose:
To understand the math, science and engineering
communities of educators and examine their needs in
order to design services and structures to support users
from multiple communities.
Research Questions:
What services, features & programs are integral to
success?
 What do users expect with regards to quality of the
holdings?

Who makes
upofthe
SMETE
digital
library
community?
American
Association
Physics
Teachers,
American
Mathematical
Society,

American Association for the Advancement of Science, members of the NSF
Chemistry Consortia and the NSF Engineering Education Coalitions
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 44
Translating Findings into Services &
Features
Quality
 System
to rapidly identify the quality of holding
 Place to comment about a learning object or
regarding something of interest to the
community
 Reviewers should include experts in pedagogy
and content
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 45
Translating Findings into Services &
Features
Community
 Embedded
structures for developing and
maintaining communication links
 Developing community should be on par with
building content
 Build on discipline based communities to
establish connection to a broader community
Content
 Useful
content and community interaction
ensures user participation as authors, reviewers,
adapters/adopters, and consumers
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 46
Prototype:
www.smete.org
Berkeley
UCOP
Stanford
Northern
Arizona
John Wiley
Math Forum
ENC UMBC
Virginia Tech
Prototype Goals (1998-2001)
Develop a Prototype National SMETE Digital Library
 test interoperability of federated searches/shared
services with partners
 expand requirements analysis to include K–12
 develop criteria and standards to assess the impact of
learning objects across disciplines
 implement community
feedback
systems, evaluate
[NEEDS
2000]
Building a National SMETE Digital
Library at www.smete.org
 Searching
for learning resources
 Cataloging (adding) learning resources
 Standards,
 Evaluating
IEEE and IMS
the quality of learning resources
 “User”
reviews
 “Expert” reviews
 Forming
a community of users in SMETE
 PKAL
workshops and seminars
 Research on adapters
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 48
Systems Development
 Expanding
www.smete.org/NEEDS platform
 Continuing
to participate in the development of
IEEE/IMS Learning Object Metadata Standards
 Adopting emerging IEEE standards
 Expanding user comments
 Implementing discussion systems
 Implementing customized
Total Collection
user profiles
Engineering 58%
Chemistry
21%
 Expanding Collections
Physics
14%
 Expanding into Chemistry,
Math
5%
Physics, and Mathematics
Other
2%
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 49
Collaborating with Partners
 Working
with University of California Office of the
President - (10 campuses)
 Identifying
courseware under development systemwide
 Developing TLT@UC Website to showcase teaching and
learning with technology at the University of California
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 50
Challenges Toward the Future...
 Continuing
to understand and support changing
user needs
 Improving
ability to encapsulate the instructional
intent and use of materials
 Metadata
 Supporting
standards and cataloging practice
communities of use and practice
 pedagogy
 content
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 51
Challenges Toward the Future...
 Continuing
to understand and support changing
user needs
 Improving
ability to encapsulate the instructional
intent and use of materials
 Metadata
 Supporting
standards and cataloging practice
communities of use and practice
 pedagogy
 Content
 Which
allows for a user to find what they’re really
looking for as well as personalization of content.
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[NEEDS 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 52
www.smete.or
g
NACME
WebCT
BioQUEST John Wiley
Math Forum
Berkeley
ENC UMBC
AAAS
UCOP ILT Utah State
PKAL
Stanford
DLESE
Virginia Tech
Cisco SRI Northern GDL
Eduprise
Arizona
MAA
Sun
TI
NSDL Goals (2000- )
 Develop


the National SMETE Digital Library
Provide seamless access to services and resources
Create a dynamic learning community that promotes and supports
SMET education in the 21st century
 Expand
Partnerships
 Expand Services and Community
[NEEDS 2000]
UNC Digital Library Project
Digital Services Grants (In-Kind)
REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS (RFP)
Spring 2001
Agenda
Overview
Q&A for RFP
Digital Library Background
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 54
Overview

Current and Future Project Services
• Current Structure of the DLP
• Prototype Interface for DLP
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 55
Services for Curators






Improved access to collections
Support for a variety of media types
24x7 storage services
Standards-based metadata schema
Capability to support discipline-specific vocabularies
Mini-grant program for digitizing high-impact collections
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 56
Services for Instructors



Flexible rights management (limit access to students in a course,
departments, etc.)
Improved access to other supporting materials
Presentation options





Web-based slide show
Side-by-side object comparison
Integration with desktop applications
Support for annotations and other associated data
Documentation, training
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 57
Services for Scholars




Common web interface to many digital collections
Customizable “My Digital Library” user interface
Multiple search options (keyword, browsing, etc.)
Compliance with guidelines for disability access
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 58
Structure of the DLP
INTERFACE
DATABASE
MIDDLEWARE
OBJECT
STORAGE
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge
Exchange
59
OTHER
PROJECTS
Structure of the DLP
INTERFACE
DATABASE
MIDDLEWARE
• Metadata Directory
DATABASE
• User Management
OBJECT
STORAGE
• Schema Repository
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
• Crosswalk Repository
• Controlled Vocabularies
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge
Exchange
60
OTHER
PROJECTS
Structure of the DLP
• Metadata Transformer
• Authentication and
Authorization
DATABASE
MIDDLEWARE
• Discovery Tools
• Object Manipulation
INTERFACE
MIDDLEWARE
• Presentation Tools
• Class Rolls
OBJECT
STORAGE
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge
Exchange
61
OTHER
PROJECTS
Structure of the DLP
INTERFACE
DATABASE
MIDDLEWARE
INTERFACE
• My Folders
• Administration,
OBJECT
Display,
and Search
STORAGE
• The Buzz; What’s New?
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
Knowledge
Exchange
62
OTHER
PROJECTS
Prototype Interface
My Folders
A personal space
where your
uploaded objects
as well as links to
other objects can
be organized. This
space will also
show the classes
and projects you
are currently
involved in, in the
capacity of
instructor and/or
student.
The Buzz / What’s New?
This space will include recent additions to the digital library, particularly those
related to the visitor’s established areas of interest. The Buzz will specifically
display the most accessed objects overall, within my field, etc. This space will
also ultimately contain other information, such as live news feeds, both local
© 2001
Franz J. Kurfess
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
and world-wide.
Admin,
Display,
Search
ADMIN: Allows
the digital library
visitor to publish
his own material
for others to use
as well as arrange
the contents of his
My Folders space.
DISPLAY: Allows
for different ways
of showing off an
individual object or
group of objects
within one’s space.
Some common
“displays” here
would include
slideshows and
thumbnails.
SEARCH: Allows
for basic keyword
searching at any
point in time, as
well as access to
more extensive
search capabilities.
Knowledge Exchange 63
Digital Library in-a-Box
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Sweeney & Kurfess 1998]
Knowledge Exchange 64
The EXPECT Project at USC/ISI (I)
 EXPECT:
architecture to develop knowledge based
systems that uses highly declarative representations
 [Swartout
and Gil, KAW-95], [Gil and Melz, AAAI-96]
 http://www.isi.edu/expect
 Application
focus
 knowledge-rich
planning tools, often integrated within a
larger architecture
 Research
focus
 knowledge
acquisition tools that exploit declarative
representations to help end users augment KBs
 exploiting declarative representations to mediate agent
communication [Blythe&Gil&Chalupsky&MacGregor 00]
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 65
The What-to-How Spectrum
[Feigenbaum 96]
The history of software development
Software translates “WHAT” to “HOW”
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 66
The Good News => The Bad News
 As
we develop more advanced and higher-level
languages, we still require formalisms and logic
 Complete
information
 Consistent statements
 Executable/compilable
 Requires
putting knowledge “in a straightjacket”
 Represent

captures only the result of the modeling process
 Represent

only a subset of the overall knowledge
i.e., whatever fits what the formalism requires
 Represent

knowledge once it is digested
only what there is time to represent
the rest is assumed unnecessary
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 67
Connections Are Missing!

“There is a real conflict between the logician’s goal and the educator’s.
The logician wants to minimize the variety of ideas, and doesn’t mind a
long thin path. The educator (rightly) wants to make the paths short and
doesn’t mind - in fact, prefers - connections to many other ideas.” [Minsky
1969]
 Knowledge
turns up piecemeal
 Compartmentalized
and seldom rejoined
 Only truly necessary views/opinions are represented
 Only truly necessary connections are represented
 As
long as the information is there, the system
should figure it out
 No
value to redundancy/alternatives
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 68
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:
HPKB Challenge Problem - Year 1
LOOM
HPKB Upper Ontology
BS Ontologies
(military units,
vehicles, etc)
KB of
Eng. Actions
COA
Generation
Problem Solver
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
COA Ontology
Eng. Techniques
Ontology
Features and Terrain
(Stub) Ontology
Eng. Equpt. Ontology
Temporal
Estimation/
Assessment
Problem Solver
Methods
for Time
Estimation
EXPECT
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 69
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:
HPKB Challenge Problem - Year 2
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 70
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:
JFACC ISTI Architecture
Plan
JTF
Plan Server
MASTERMIND
Refined plan
Web-Based Planner
CJTF Objectives
CJTF Objectives
(Manual Entry)
(CORBA)
Plan
Expanded
Plan
JMTK
Map Visualization
Plan
Plan
SDA
Plan
Critiques
Knowledge
Base
Server
(LOOM)
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
CPET/APAT
Targeting
(Automated)
INSPECT-II
[Gil
2000]
[Gil
2000]
Knowledge Exchange 71
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:
ARPI MAPViS
MPA Planning Agents
Meta
Planning-Cell
Manager (PRS)
Process
Monitor
APAT
GUI
Plan Viewer
MPA Agent Evaluation Toolkit
ACS
VISAGE
Advisable Planner (SIPE-2)
Planner (SIPE-2)
Scheduler (OPIS)
Planning-Cell Manager (PRS)
Beddown
Critic
Plan Server
Cue:
(TEST (ready
unit1))
ACT2
ACT1
Cue:
Answer query
Annotations
Inspect
Triggers
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 72
The Need for Knowledge Mobility
 Reuse
and integration [Valente et al., IEEE IS 99]
 Ontology/theory manipulation operations
[Knight&Luk, AAAI-94] [Hovy et al. 94] [MacGregor&
Chalupsky 99]
 Aligning,
 Morphing
merging, slicing, etc.
[Chalupsky, KR-2000]
 Transformation-based
knowledge morphing
 Repeated mergers and imports are the norm
 Ontology-based
translation
 Mismatches
resolved on a case by case basis, on demand
 Hub and spokes model
© 2001 Franz
Kurfess
 J.
n-degrees
Exchange
2000]
of indirection[Gil
if agents
have n-degreesKnowledge
of “ontological
73
What is Needed:
Resilient Hyper Knowledge Bases
(RHKB)
 Extend our view of what a KB contains
 Support
a variety of knowledge
media/formats/representations
 Include alternative renderings of knowledge
 Everything should remain part of the knowledge base



Initial sources: introductory texts, expert hints, explanations,
dialogues, comments, examples, exceptions, …
Intermediate analysis and models of those sources as they are
digested
Final representations
 Emphasis
on knowledge connectivity
 Among
progressively more digested renderings of the
same knowledge
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 74
Reference [Kearns 00]
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Kearns 00]
Knowledge Exchange 76
Reference [Sommerville 01]

[Sommerville 01]
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Sommerville 01]
Knowledge Exchange 77
Post-Test
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 78
References



[Gil 2000] Yolanda Gil, Knowledge Mobility. Dagstuhl Workshop
“Semantics for the Web”, March 2000.
[NEEDS] National Engineering Digital Library, www.needs.org
[Russell & Norvig 1995] Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial
Intelligence - A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall, 1995.
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
[Gil 2000]
Knowledge Exchange 80
Important Concepts and Terms













agent
automated reasoning
belief network
cognitive science
computer science
hidden Markov model
intelligence
knowledge representation
linguistics
Lisp
logic
machine learning
microworlds
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess







natural language processing
neural network
predicate logic
propositional logic
rational agent
rationality
Turing test
Knowledge Exchange 81
Summary Chapter-Topic
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 82
© 2001 Franz J. Kurfess
Knowledge Exchange 83