Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Analysis of Embodied Emissions in
Purchased Materials
Prepared for the OUS Sustainability Conference
February 28, 2011
Corvallis, Oregon
David Allaway
Allaway.david@deq.state.or.us
503-229-5479
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Today’s overview
• Materials matter – the big picture
• An introduction to life cycle analysis (LCA)
• What LCAs tell us about the environmental
impacts of materials . . . and opportunities to
reduce them
• Questions and discussion throughout
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ Priority Toxics Focus List (Draft)
Lead
Naphthalenes
Dioxins & Furans
Ammonia
PAHs
Ethylbenzene
Nonyphenol, 4- (& ethoxylates)
Malathion
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene (HCH), gamma- (Lindane)
Phthalates
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4- (Dichlorobenzene-p) Chlorothalonil Pentachlorophenol
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Copper
Diazinon
Arsenic Trifluralin
PBDEs
Bisphenol A
2,4-D
Triclosan
Mercury (and methylmercury)
Pendamethalin
Silver Diuron
Carbaryl Permethrin
Cadmium
Glyphosate
Propoxur (Baygon) Chromium Nickel
Diethyltoluamide, N, N- (DEET)
Chlorpyrifos
Atrazine
Dieldrin
Methoxychlor
Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta- (beta-BHC)
PCBs
Aldrin
Hexachlorobenzene
Chlordane (and metabolites)
Heptachlor (& Heptachlor epoxide)
Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha- (alpha-BHC)
DDT (and metabolites)
Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5- (2,4,5-T)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ Priority Toxics Focus List (Draft)
Toxic Chemicals In Current Consumer Products
Lead
Naphthalenes
Dioxins & Furans
Ammonia
PAHs
Ethylbenzene
Nonyphenol, 4- (& ethoxylates)
Malathion
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene (HCH), gamma- (Lindane)
Phthalates
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4- (Dichlorobenzene-p) Chlorothalonil Pentachlorophenol
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Copper
Diazinon
Arsenic Trifluralin
PBDEs
Bisphenol A
2,4-D
Triclosan
Mercury (and methylmercury)
Pendamethalin
Silver Diuron
Carbaryl Permethrin
Cadmium
Glyphosate
Propoxur (Baygon) Chromium Nickel
Diethyltoluamide, N, N- (DEET)
Chlorpyrifos
Atrazine
Dieldrin
Methoxychlor
Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta- (beta-BHC)
PCBs
Aldrin
Hexachlorobenzene
Chlordane (and metabolites)
Heptachlor (& Heptachlor epoxide)
Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha- (alpha-BHC)
DDT (and metabolites)
Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5- (2,4,5-T)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ Priority Toxics Focus List (Draft)
Other Product-Related Toxics
Lead
Naphthalenes
Dioxins & Furans
Ammonia
PAHs
Ethylbenzene
Nonyphenol, 4- (& ethoxylates)
Malathion
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene (HCH), gamma- (Lindane)
Phthalates
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4- (Dichlorobenzene-p) Chlorothalonil Pentachlorophenol
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Copper
Diazinon
Arsenic Trifluralin
PBDEs
Bisphenol A
2,4-D
Triclosan
Mercury (and methylmercury)
Pendamethalin
Silver Diuron
Carbaryl Permethrin
Cadmium
Glyphosate
Propoxur (Baygon) Chromium Nickel
Diethyltoluamide, N, N- (DEET)
Chlorpyrifos
Atrazine
Dieldrin
Methoxychlor
Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta- (beta-BHC)
PCBs
Aldrin
Hexachlorobenzene
Chlordane (and metabolites)
Heptachlor (& Heptachlor epoxide)
Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha- (alpha-BHC)
DDT (and metabolites)
Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5- (2,4,5-T)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ Priority Toxics Focus List (Draft)
Toxic Chemicals In Current Consumer Products
Lead
Naphthalenes
Other Product-Related Toxics
Dioxins & Furans
Ammonia
PAHs
Ethylbenzene
Nonyphenol, 4- (& ethoxylates)
Malathion
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene (HCH), gamma- (Lindane)
Phthalates
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4- (Dichlorobenzene-p) Chlorothalonil Pentachlorophenol
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Copper
Diazinon
Arsenic Trifluralin
PBDEs
Bisphenol A
2,4-D
Triclosan
Mercury (and methylmercury)
Pendamethalin
Silver Diuron
Carbaryl Permethrin
Cadmium
Glyphosate
Propoxur (Baygon) Chromium Nickel
Diethyltoluamide, N, N- (DEET)
Chlorpyrifos
Atrazine
Dieldrin
Methoxychlor
Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta- (beta-BHC)
PCBs
Aldrin
Hexachlorobenzene
Chlordane (and metabolites)
Heptachlor (& Heptachlor epoxide)
Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha- (alpha-BHC)
DDT (and metabolites)
Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5- (2,4,5-T)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Traditional Sector-Based View of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2006)
Residential
5%
Commercial
6%
Agriculture
8%
Electric Power Industry
34%
Industry
19%
Transportation
28%
Source: US EPA (2009)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Materials Matter: Systems-Based
Geographic Emissions Inventory (2006)
Provision of Materials:
Non-Food Goods
29%
Building Lighting and HVAC
25%
42%
Transportation of People
24%
Provision of Materials: Food
13%
Use of Appliances and Devices
8%
Source: US EPA (2009)
Infrastructure
1%
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Systems-Based Emissions Inventory,
Geographic Emissions Adjusted for
Imports and Exports (2006)
Building Lighting and HVAC
21%
Provision of Goods
37%
49%
Transportation of People
22%
Provision of Food
12%
Use of Appliances
and Devices
7%
Infrastructure
1%
Source: Joshuah Stolaroff/Product Policy Institute (2009), based on EPA (2009) and
Weber & Matthews (2007)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
OUS Emissions FY 2008, by Scope Category
Including Embodied Emissions in Supply Chain
Total Emissions (MT CO2e)
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Scope 1
Source: Good Company (2009)
Scope 2
Scope 3 required by
ACUPCC
Scope 3 supply chain
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
OUS FY2008 Emissions Embodied in
Goods and Services (Draft)
Other Goods
& Services
29%
Building Construction
& Services
43%
Commercial Printing 6%
IT 7%
Resale Merchandise
15%
Source: Good Company (2009)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
A Note RE: OUS Supply Chain Emissions
• By nature, these emissions estimates are very
rough . . . a “sense of scale”
– But just because they’re imprecise doesn’t mean
they should be ignored!
• Over time, estimates will likely become more
precise, and product-specific
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Impacts vs. Attributes
Examples of Impacts
•Emissions of VOCs
•GHG emissions
•Use of non-renewable
resources
Examples of Attributes
•Recyclability
•% recycled content
•Biodegradable
• Impacts are more challenging to
evaluate . . . requires life cycle
assessment .
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
• The science of estimating environmental impacts
across the “life cycle” of a product (or service)
• A powerful tool for understanding impacts,
where/how impacts occur, and how to reduce
them
• Far from perfect; potential for abuse; rapidly
evolving
• Two basic approaches:
– Process LCA
– Input/output LCA
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Process LCA: A Partial Example
Soda Ash
Production
3.3
Double-lined
Kraft (DLK)
7.5
Clippings
Liquor & Bark
Used as Fuel
Semichemical
Pulp
Production
Inputs
(OCC)
53
Repulping
42
Old Corrugated Containers
Medium
Manufacture
Starch Adhesive
13
62
17
151 (76)
133
Roundwood *
1,649
(825)
Harvesting
(Softwood and
Hardwood)
Wood Chip
Production
453
(226)
Corrugating
Medium
Manufacture
184
120
2.6
Sodium Sulfate
Mining
1.5
Salt Mining
2.4
125
Linerboard
Manufacture
7.7
Sodium Hydroxide
Production
Corrugated
Box
Converting
1,000
554
136
1.1
11
Fertilizers
Repulping
Corn Growing
& Harvesting
9.2
Corn Starch
Production
Limestone
Mining
9.0
Lime
Production
8.4
Inputs
(OCC, DLK)
Pesticides
4.8
Unbleached
Kraft Pulp
Production
Liquor & Bark
Used as Fuel
Linerboard
Manufacture
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Process LCA
ISO 14040 series provides standards on
conducting process LCAs:
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Process LCA
• Inventory analysis: accounting of energy and
material flows
• Impact analysis: conversion of those flows into
“impact categories”, such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Acidification
Ecotoxicity
Eutrophication
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Smog
– Human Health
• Cancer
• Non-cancer
• Respiratory
effects
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Some Process LCA-Derived Tools
• Building for Environmental and Economic
Sustainability (BEES)
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees/
• Waste Reduction Model (WARM)
http://www.epa.gov/warm/
• Recycled Content Tool (ReCON)
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/
calculators/ReCon_home.html
• Comparative Packaging Assessment Tool
(COMPASS) https://www.design-compass.org/
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Input-Output LCA
Engine
$20,000 $2,500
Car
Parts
Steel
Plastics
$2,000
$1,200
$800
Steel Aluminum
$2,500
Engine
$300 $200
Conferences
. . . $10
Attorneys
. . . $20
Iron Ore Coal
$300
Steel
$45
$30
Steel
...
$2
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Input-Output LCA (continued)
• Traditional (economic) input-output analysis
estimates financial flows through the supply
chain
• Estimate emissions intensities (direct
emissions/dollar) for different industries
– Single-region or multi-region
– Most common tool: www.eiolca.net
• Life cycle emissions = (emissions/dollar) x
(dollars)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
OUS FY2008 Emissions Embodied in
Goods and Services (Draft) – Input-Output
LCA
Other Goods
& Services
29%
Building Construction
& Services
43%
Commercial Printing 6%
IT 7%
Resale Merchandise
15%
Source: Good Company (2009)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
So, what do LCAs tell us?
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Materials: What Are We Looking For?
• In the absence of readily-available life-cycle data
(impacts), buyers and sustainability champions
often turn to attributes such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Local
Energy-efficient
Recyclable
Recycled content
Bio-based
Biodegradable
• How well do these attributes actually correlate with
“low impact” or “sustainable”?
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Less is best! (Usually)
• “Reduce, then reuse, then recycle”
– A hierarchy of preferences
• All equally effective at diverting materials
from landfills
– But that’s not where the big impacts occur!
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
For Materials, “Upstream” Emissions
Dominate
Provision of Materials
42%
Freight
7.1%
Landfills & Wastewater
2.2%
Building Lighting and HVAC
25%
“Upstream” Processes
32.2%
Transportation of People
24%
Use of Appliances and Devices
8%
Infrastructure
1%
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Tellus Institute Packaging Study (1992):
Human Health Impacts
Material
Virgin Corrugated
Box*
Recycled Content
Corrugated Box*
Virgin Aluminum
Human Health Cost ($/ton
material)
Production Disposal
Total
$95
$2
$97
$86
$2
$88
~$923
$5
$928
Recycled Content
~$71
$5
$76
Aluminum
*Assumes ~2 pounds linerboard per 1 pound of medium.
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Tellus Institute Packaging Study (1992):
Human Health Impacts (continued)
Material
Virgin Glass
Recycled Content
Glass
Virgin HDPE
Virgin PET
Virgin PVC
Human Health Cost ($/ton
material)
Production Disposal
Total
$69
$1
$70
$47
$1
$48
$124
$327
$1,710
$4
$4
$4
$128
$331
$1,714
Note: These costs are per-ton, not per-package!
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ’s Life Cycle Analysis of Water
Delivery
• 3 basic systems:
Full study at:
http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/sw/wasteprevention/
drinkingwater.htm
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Normalized impact
(baseline w/62% recycling = 100%)
Recycling, Recycled Content, and
Lightweighting Example: PET Water Bottles
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Baseline w/ 37% recycling
rate
Baseline (62% recycling
rate)
“Baseline” = PET, half-liter, 13.3 grams, 0% post-consumer recycled content (PCR), on-site molding,
purified municipal water (reverse osmosis, ozone and uv), 50 miles to retail, 5 miles home-to-retail,
co-purchase w/24 other products, no chilling, 62% recycling rate.
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Normalized impact
(baseline w/62% recycling = 100%)
Recycling, Recycled Content, and
Lightweighting Example: PET Water Bottles
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Baseline w/ 37% recycling
rate
Baseline (62% recycling
rate)
“Baseline” = PET, half-liter, 13.3 grams, 0% post-consumer recycled content (PCR), on-site molding,
purified municipal water (reverse osmosis, ozone and uv), 50 miles to retail, 5 miles home-to-retail,
co-purchase w/24 other products, no chilling, 62% recycling rate.
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Normalized impact
(baseline w/62% recycling = 100%)
Recycling, Recycled Content, and
Lightweighting Example: PET Water Bottles
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Baseline w/ 37% recycling
rate
Baseline (62% recycling
rate)
Baseline w/25% PCR
“Baseline” = PET, half-liter, 13.3 grams, 0% post-consumer recycled content (PCR), on-site molding,
purified municipal water (reverse osmosis, ozone and uv), 50 miles to retail, 5 miles home-to-retail,
co-purchase w/24 other products, no chilling, 62% recycling rate.
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Normalized impact
(baseline w/62% recycling = 100%)
Recycling, Recycled Content, and
Lightweighting Example: PET Water Bottles
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Baseline w/ 37% recycling
rate
Baseline (62% recycling
rate)
Baseline w/25% PCR
Baseline lightweighted to
9.8 grams
“Baseline” = PET, half-liter, 13.3 grams, 0% post-consumer recycled content (PCR), on-site molding,
purified municipal water (reverse osmosis, ozone and uv), 50 miles to retail, 5 miles home-to-retail,
co-purchase w/24 other products, no chilling, 62% recycling rate.
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Disposal vs. Recycling
120%
Not a meaningful difference
Normalized impact
(purchase + disposal = 100%)
100%
80%
60%
40%
Standard Oregon purchase* +
disposal
Standard Oregon purchase* +
100% recycling
20%
0%
*Half-liter bottle; 0% recycled content;
13.3 grams; local water
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Disposal vs. Recycling vs. Prevention
Normalized impact
(purchase + disposal = 100%)
120%
100%
80%
60%
Standard Oregon purchase* +
disposal
40%
20%
Standard Oregon purchase* +
100% recycling
Tap water in reusable bottle** (1
use and wash/day for 1 year)
0%
*Half-liter bottle; 0% recycled content;
13.3 grams; local water
**Average of aluminum/PET/steel;
no recycling; high-water use
dishwasher
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Normalized impact
(“best” single-use PET = 100%)
Best Case Recycling vs. Best Case
Prevention
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
"Best" single-use PET*
"Best" tap water**
20%
0%
*Not currently on market. 9.8 grams;
25% recycled content; very short
transport; minimal processing of
water; 100% recycling.
**Steel reusable; used 5 years; used
2 times/day; washed weekly in
efficient, full dishwasher; 100%
recycling
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ’s Life Cycle Analysis of E-Commerce
Packaging
• Full study at:
http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/pubs/docs/sw/
packaging/lifecycleinventoryshort.pdf
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ’s E-Commerce LCA:
Materials Evaluated
Corrugated box*
Void Fill (for boxes)
Polystyrene loose fill*
Corn starch loose fill
Molded paper loose fill
Inflated “air pillows”*
Newsprint dunnage*
Kraft dunnage*
Shredded office paper
Shredded boxes
Shipping Bags
Unpadded all-kraft mailer*
Unpadded all-poly mailer*
Kraft mailer with ONP padding*
Kraft mailer with poly bubble padding*
Poly mailer with poly bubble padding*
*Different levels of post-consumer content also evaluated.
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Petroleum
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Million Btu of Petroleum per 10,000 Packages
140
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Natural Gas
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Million Btu of Natural Gas per 10,000 Packages
80
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Coal
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Million Btu of Coal per 10,000 Packages
80
90
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Atmospheric
Particulates
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pounds of Atmospheric Particulate per 10,000 Packages
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Atmospheric NOX
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Pounds of Atmospheric NOx per 10,000 Packages
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Atmospheric
Mercury
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
Pounds of Atmospheric Mercury per 10,000 Packages
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Biological Oxygen
Demand
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
10
20
30
40
Pounds of BOD per 10,000 Packages
50
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
E-Commerce Results: Waterborne
Suspended Solids
Low PC Box/Fills
High PC Box/Fills
Low PC Bags
High PC Bags
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pounds of Waterborne Suspended Solids per 10,000
Packages
*on a cradle-to-distribution center basis
100% Recycled Content
Molded Pulp Loose Fill
50% Recycled Content
Newsprint Dunnage
50% Recycled Content Kraft
Paper Dunnage
30% Recycled Content
Polystyrene Loose Fill
30% Recycled Content LDPE
Air Packets
10% Recycled Content
Newsprint Dunnage
0% Recycled Content Kraft
Paper Dunnage
0% Recycled Content Corn
Starch Loose Fill
0% Recycled Content
Polystyrene Loose Fill
0% Recycled Content LDPE
Air Packets
Lbs CO2e*/10,000 packages
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Void Fills in E-Commerce Packaging
(Boxes)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Mass Matters!
• Weight of materials used is a critical factor:
– All bags evaluated have lower burdens than
boxes (in most categories) because of their
much lower weight.
– This confirms (indirectly) the relative ranking of
waste prevention and recycling in the waste
management hierarchy.
• When comparing dissimilar materials,
recyclability and recycled content do not
always correlate with reduced GHG
emissions:
– BUT, once you’ve chosen a packaging material,
increasing post-consumer content and recycling
opportunities typically reduce emissions.
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
What about degradable products?
• When wastes degrade (in a
landfill), they produce
methane
• Methane is 23 – 72 times
more potent of a GHG than
CO2
• Many landfills use some of the
methane to produce energy
• But no landfill captures 100%
of its methane
Photos: EPUD
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
DEQ Drinking Water Study: Greenhouse
Gas Impacts of 3 Bottled Water Systems
1105
1464
End-of-life management
Consumer transport
PLA, 62% composting,
100% decomposition in
landfill
Distribution
PLA, 62% composting,
inert in landfill
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
PET, 62% recycling
Lbs CO2e per 1,000 gallons
1120
Filling
Drinking water treatment
(+wastewater)
Manufacturing
Credits
Assumes no cross-contamination between PET and PLA
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
For goods that use energy, energy
efficiency is very important
Provision of Goods
29%
Building Lighting and HVAC
25%
Use of Appliances and Devices
8%
Provision of Food
13%
Source: US EPA (2009)
Transportation of People
24%
Infrastructure
1%
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
GHG/Product Life Cycles
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
End-of-Life
Use
Manufacturing
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
pounds CO2e per ton of product
Is local better?
EPA (2006)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
pounds CO2e per ton of product
Production emissions typically dominate
(transportation doesn’t)
EPA (2006), DEQ (2009)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Imported vs. local rice?
Pretty and Ball (2001), DEQ (2009)
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Carnegie Mellon University: “Meat vs. Miles”
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Input-Output LCA Example:
Average US Household Food Consumption
Total GHG emissions by supply chain tier (c) associated with household food consumption in the United States. Food groups are aggregates
of 50 commodities.
Published in: Christopher L. Weber; H. Scott Matthews; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 3508-3513.
DOI: 10.1021/es702969f
Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Country of origin matters
(but not for the reason most people think)
160
Carbon Intensity of Industrial Energy, 2003 (US = 100)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Shui & Harriss (2006)
US
China
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Embodied Energy (MJ per bag)
Products are more impactful than
packaging
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Plastic Bag
Sightline Institute (2007)
Paper Bag Veggie-Based Omnivore
Diet
Diet
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
So, Which Product Attributes Are Most
Important (from a GHG perspective)?
•
•
•
•
Energy efficiency
Energy use
Waste prevention
Country of origin
Life cycle assessment
results trump attributes
Less important
• Recyclable
• Recycled content
• Bio-based
• Biodegradable (unless discharged to water)
• Local
• Packaging attributes
Embodied Emissions in Purchased Materials
Thank you! Questions?
David Allaway
Allaway.david@deq.state.or.us
503-229-5479