Katherine Loera
Pd.5
AICE Biology Vocabulary
Chapter 1:
1. Cytology- A branch of biology dealing with the structure of a cell, functions,
multiplication, pathology, and life history of cell.
2. Cell Theory- Basic unit of structure and functions of all living things.
3. Electron Microscope uses electrons as source of radiation.
4. Membrane- Partially permeable
5. Light Microscope- Uses light as a source of radiation
6. Nucleus- Largest cell organelle stains intensely, controls activity of cell.
7. Organelle- Small structure with in cytoplasm, functionally and structurally distinct
part of a cell.
8. Cell wall- Gives cell a definite shape, prevents cell from bursting by osmosis
reinforce extra strength.
9. Plasmodesmata- Links neighboring plant cells by fine strands of cytoplasm passes
through pore like structure in the walls.
10. Large Central Vacuole- Stores food and water
11. Chloroplast- Collects sunlight and transfers into energy
12. Tonoplast- Controls exchange between the vacuole and cytoplasm
13. Grana- Absorbs light in photosynthesis, in chloroplast, mainly in leaves
14. Nucleolus- Manufactures ribosome, using information from its DNA
15. Genes- Control the activity of the cell inheritance
Chapter 2
1. Macromolecule- Giant Molecule
2. Peptide bond- the bond that is formed between amino acids
3. Hydrophobic- Dislike of water
4. Monosaccharide- Sugars that are building blocks of carbohydrates
5. Hydrophilic- water loving
6. Fibrous- Proteins form long strands and do not curl into a ball
7. Covalent Bond- Are types of bonds formed because of a sharing of electron
8. Isomers- Two forms of the same chemical
9. Condensation- process of two sugars joining together
10. Glycogen- is the storage of carbohydrates in animals
11. Starch- is the major form of glucose storage in plants
12. Amylose- made by condensation between a-glucose molecules
13. Triglyceride- when three fatty acids are combines with glycerol
14. Hydrolysis- Addition of water that breaks apart sugars
15. Saturated- Having the maximum number of hydrogen attached
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Pd.5
Chapter 3:
1. Biological Catalyst – Enzymes which are protein
2. Active site – Region, usually cleft or depression to which another molecule or molecules
bind
3. Substrate- The molecules that binds with enzyme
4. Enzyme-substrate complex- Temporary bond which form between the substrate and some
of the r groups of the enzyme amino acid.
5. Products- the outcome when a substrate either joins or separates due to the interaction of
R groups of enzyme and atom of the substrate.
6. Activation energy- Energy that is temporarily given to the substrate in order to convert
into product
7. Initial Rate of reaction- the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction is always fastest at the
beginning.
8. Denatured- when enzyme molecule begins to lose its shape and activity and is
irreversible
9. Optimum Temperature- Temperature in which enzyme catalyses a reaction at the
maximum rate
10. Inhibitor- this inhibits the enzyme function by blocking the binding of substrate with
enzyme
11. Competitive inhibition- where inhibitor and substrate compete to bind with substrate and
which ever has more concentration ends up binding with enzyme
12. Specific- the enzyme has an active site for a specific substrate
13. Non-competitive inhibitor- Enzyme function is blocked no matter how much substrate 9s
present
14. End product- what controls an enzyme from running wild
15. Non-competitive irreversible inhibitor- no matter how much substrate there is the
inhibitor is blocking enzymes function and is unable to be reversed.
Chapter 4
1. Micelles- phospholipids shaken up with water they can form stable structures in the
water
2. Bilayers- two-layered structure
3. Fluid Mosaic model- model for the structure of a membrane
4. Cholesterol- help regulate the fluidity of the membrane
5. Glycolipid- short carbohydrate chains
6. Receptor molecules- bind with particular substances
7. Diffusion- net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to an area
of low concentration
8. Facilitated diffusion- diffusion taken place between channels created by protein
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9. Osmosis- the movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to
lower water potential
10. Turgid- when plant cell is fully inflated with water
11. Plasmolysis- protoplast continues to shrink it begins to pull away from cell
12. Active transport- energy consuming transport of molecules
13. Endocytosis- engulfing of the material by plasma membrance
14. Phagocytosis- “CELL EATING” Uptakes solid material
15. Pinocytosis- “CELL DRINKING” uptakes liquid
Chapter 5:
1. Nucleotides- the smaller molecules from which DNA and RNA molecules are
made are nucleotides
2. Semi-conservative replication- original molecules is kept in each new molecule
3. Conservative replication- one completely new double helix qouls bw made from
the old one
4. Dispersive replication- each new molecule would be made of old bits and new
bits scattered randomly through the molecules.
5. Triplet- the code is a three letter code
6. Genome- total set of genes in a cell
7. mRNA- complimentary copy of the code from a gene is made by building a
molecule of a different type of nucleic acid
8. Anticodon- triplet bases
9. Codon- complimentary triplet on the mRNA molecule
10. Transcription-making of mRNA molecule which carries a complimentary copy of
the code from part of the dna molecule
11. Translation- when DNA is translated into an amino acid sequence
12. Hydrogen bonds- the two strands are held together by this bond between the bases
13. Complimentary base pairing- A with T, C with G, important of polynucleotides
14. Macromolecule- DNA and RNA, like protein and polysaccharides
15. Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine- nitrogen containing bases in DNA and
RNA, in RNA there is no thymine but instead uracil.
Chapter 6:
1. Chromosomes- Thread-like structures
2. Karyotype- Cutting out individual chromosomes from a picture and rearranging
them
3. Homologous pairs- Matching Pair of chromosomes
4. Sex Chromosomes- The two chromosomes which are displayed to one side
Katherine Loera
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5. Autosomes- every other chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes
6. Diploid- two set of chromosomes (2n)
7. Haploid- one set of chromosomes (n)
8. Chromatids- two identical structures, makes up a chromosome
9. Centromere- holds two chromatids together
10. Locus- particular characteristics found in the same position
11. Nuclear divison- process in which mitosis and meiosis occur
12. Cytokinesis- constriction of the cytoplasm between the two new nuclei
13. Prophase- fist part of the mitosis cycle
14. Metaphase- all chromosomes line up in the middle, second phase
15. Anaphase- chromosomes get pulled apart by spindle fibers, third phase
16. Telophase- last phase pinching of cytoplasm
Chapter 7
1. Ecology- The branch in biology that deals with the envioment
2. Habitat- place where an organism lives
3. Population- group of organisms of the same species, which live in the same place
at the same time, and can interbreed with each other
4. Community- all the organisms, of all the different species, living in a habitat
5. Ecosystem- relatively self contained, interacting community of organisms, and the
enviorment in which they live with which they interact
6. Niche- its role in the ecosystem
7. Producer- Photosynthetic organisms and green plant all fall under producer
usually at the beginning of a food chain
8. Food chain- indicates the direction in which the energy flows
9. Decomposers- feed on detritus
10. Productivity- rate in which plants convert light energy into chemical potential
energy
11. Gross primary productivity- total quantity converted by plants in this way
12. Net primary productivity- energy remains as chemical energy after plants have
supplied their own needs in respiration
13. Nitrogen Fixation- nitrogen converted from N2 to some more reactive form such
as ammonia
14. Nitrogenase- bacteria fix nitrogen with the help of an enzyme
15. Mutualism- two organism of different species live very closely together, each
meeting some of the others need
Chapter 8:
1. Cardiovascular System- The general layout of the main transport system of
mammals that is the blood system.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Tunica Media- Middle layer of the arteries
Tunica Externa- Outer layer of the arteries
Arterioles- small vessels that transport blood
Capillaries- takes blood as close as possible to all cells, allowing rapid transfer of
substances between cells and blood
6. Veins- To return blood to the heart
7. Plasma- Pale yellowish liquid
8. Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant internal environment includes the
regulation of glucose concentration, water, pH, metabolic wastes and temperature
9. Erythrocytes- Red blood cells
10. Haemoglobin- a globular protein that contains pigment
11. Buffer- Maintains the pH of the blood close to neutral
12. Semilunar valves- keeps blood flowing in the right direction
13. Arteries- transport blood, swiftly and at high pressure, to the tissues
14. Diffusion- Removal of waste products
15. Venules- large vessels that are formed when blood leaves capillary bed the
capillaries gradually join with one another.
Chapter 9:
1. Cardiac Muscle- Muscle in which the heart is made
2. Pulmonary Artery-Takes blood to the right and left lung, blood vessel
leaving the heart
3. Aorta- Large arching blood vessel, largest artery, leads upward to the head
and the main flow doubling back downwards to the rest of the body
4. Venae cavae- runs vertically on the right-hand side of the heart, two large
veins, one brings blood downward other upward
5. Pulmonary veins- brings blood to the heart from the left and right lungs
6. Coronary arteries-on surface of heart, branch from aorta, deliver
oxygenated blood to the walls of the heart itself
7. Septum-Wall muscle separated left and right chambers of heart
8. Ventricles- Lower Chambers, blood flows into ventricle from the artria
then squeezed into arteries
9. Atrium- upper chamber on each side
10. Atrio-ventricular valves-atria and ventricles have valves between them
11. Mitral (bicuspid)- one on the left
12. Tricuspid valve- one on the right
13. Sinoatrial node- specialized patch of muscle in the wall of the right atrium
14. Electrocardiogram- essentially a graph of voltage against time
15. Atrial systole- time where heart is filled with blood and muscle in the
atrial walls contracts
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Chapter 10
1. Endodermis- the cell outer layer surrounding the stele, thick,waterproof,waxy
band.
2. Casparian strip- forms an impenetrable barriers to water in the walls of the
endodermis cells
3. Passage cell- water can continue to pass freely through this passage
4. Tracheids – the cells that are involved with the transport of water and their
structure and function
5. Fibres- Elongated cells with lignified walls that help support the plant. Dead cells
6. Parenchyma- standard plant cells, have unthickened cellulose cell walls and
contain all the organelles you would expect a plant cell to contain
7. Lignin – substance in normal plant cell in whose wall substance as laid down
8. Lumen- when content of cell died, leaving completely empty space (lumen)
9. Xylem Vessel- non-living tube in vessel
10. Mesophyll- middle leaf, layers are not tightly packed. An internal structure of leaf
11. Stomata-Small pores in the leaf
12. Assimilates- substances which plant has made it self
13. Sieve Plate- formed when the end walls of two sieve elements meet
14. Co-transport- where sucrose molecules are carried through
15. Carbon-Dioxide- Photosynthetic plant cells require supply of carbon dioxide
during the daylight
Chapter 11:
1. Cartilage- In the trachea and bronchi keeps these airways open and air
resistance low, and prevents them from collapsing or bursting as the air
pressure changes during breathing
2. Mucus- lining the nasal passages and other airways
3. Goblet cells- what produces mucus in the trachea and bronchi
4. Elastic fibers- stretch during breathing and recoil during expiration to help
force out air
5. Macrophages- Phagocytic white blood cells
6. Alveoli- located at the end of the pathway between the atmosphere and the
bloodstream.
7. Pulse rate – identical to what is the heart rate
8. Cardiac output- the total volume pumped out per minute
9. Stroke volume- the volume of blood pumped out from each ventricle during
each contraction
10. Diastolic pressure- the minimum pressure in the arteries
11. Systolic pressure- the maximum arterial pressure during this active stroke
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12. Sphygmomanometer- what measures the blood pressure
13. Hypertension- If systolic and diastolic blood pressures are high at rest, this
indicates that the heart is working too hard at pumping blood.
14. Ventilation rate- measure the effect of exercise on breathing is measured by
calculating this rate
15. Residual Volume- The volume of air still remained in the alveoli and the
airways during force exhalation
Chapter 12
1. Tar: Mixture of aromatic compounds
2. Carbon Monoxide- diffuses across the walls of the aveoli and into the blood in
the lungs
3. Chronic bronchitis- damage and blocking of the airways
4. Emphysema- Large spaces appear where they have burst and this reduces the
surface area for gaseous exchange
5. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- Progressively disabling diseases
6. Coronary heart disease- is a disease of these arteries that cause damage to, or
malfunction of the heart
7. Plaques- contain cholestrol-rich artheroma. lining in the arteries, making them
less elastic
8.Heart Failure- due to blockage of a main artery and the resulting gradual
damage of heart muscle
9. Heart attack- Also known as myocardial infarction
10. Angina pectoris- main symptoms of which is severe chest pain brought on by
exertion
11.Nicotine- is the drug in tobacco
12. Allergen- substance that causes allergies
13. Obstructive lung disease- includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema and
asthma
14. Passive smoking- breathing someone elses cigarette smoke
15. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- very rare in none smokers, attributed
to smoking
Chapter 13:
1. Carriers- Some people may spread a pathogen even though they do not
have a disease
2. Transmission cycle- The way in which pathogen from one host another
Katherine Loera
Pd.5
3. Oral rehydration therapy- way that can help cure cholera if they are able to
drink
4. Vector- What transmits the disease
5. Immune- when people become continually re-infected they can become
immune
6. prophylactic- preventative drug, stops an infection from occurring if a
person is bitten by infected mosquito
7. T helper lymphocytes- what controls the immune system's response to
infection
8. Opportunistic infections- infection causes because of body bein unable to
defend itself against infections
9. Contact tracing- Important part of HIV in the UK infected patients
mention partners or people they might have infected
10. Broad spectrum antibiotics- effective against a wide range of bacteria
11. Narrow spectrum antibiotics- are active only against a few
12. Inhibition zone- where no bacteria grows
13. MRSA- resistant to at least four antibiotics due to their previous
inappropriate and widespread use
14. Choleragen- if bacteria reaches the small intestine they multiple and
secrete a this toxin
15. Chloera - caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae
Chapter 14:
1. Artificial passive immunity- antibodies have come from another person who has
encountered the antigen
2. Passive immunity- B and T cells have no been activated and plasma cells have not
produced any antibodies
3. Antigen- Any molecule which the body recognizes as foreign
4. measles- caused by virus which is spread by airborne droplets
5. neutrophils- A kind of phagocytes and form about 60%of white blood cells in the
blood
6. Monocytes- develop into macrophages after they leave the blood and settle in the
organs
7. colostrum- thick yellowish fluid produced by mothers breats
8. vaccine- preparation containing antigenic material
9. antibody - specific to an anitgen, which is acts against
10. herd immunity- interrupts transmission of disease in population
11. macrophages- phagocytes but larger than neutrophils
12. nistamine- chemical released when body responds to attack of cell
13. active immunity- lymphocytes are activated by anitgen
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14. thymes- t cells leave the bone marrow and collect here
15. natural passive immunity- appears immediately in the blood