1884-1885
 Portugal
asked for the meeting and
Bismarck of Germany called it in hopes of
expanding Germany’s colonial holdings
 14 countries present: Austria-Hungary,
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great
Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from
1814-1905), Turkey, and the [United States of
America—did not actually participate].
coastal Africa was colonized
 France had a presence in northern
Africa (Tunisia, Algeria)
 Britain occupied Egypt in late 1880s
 Belgium and Portugal had a small
presence in Congo Basin

to negotiate questions and end confusion
over the control of Africa
 Bismarck appreciated the opportunity to
expand Germany's sphere of influence
over Africa and desired to force Germany's
rivals to struggle with one another for
territory.
 King Leopold (Belgium) was able to
convince everyone that open trade on the
Congo and Niger Rivers in Africa was in
everyone’s best interest
 some of Africa was already colonized—the
rest needed dividing up


“WISHING, in a spirit of good and mutual
accord, to regulate the conditions most
favourable to the development of trade
and civilization in certain regions of
Africa, and to assure to all nations the
advantages of free navigation on the two
chief rivers of Africa flowing into the
Atlantic Ocean;”

“BEING DESIROUS, on the other hand, to
obviate the misunderstanding and
disputes which might in future arise from
new acts of occupation (prises de
possession) on the coast of Africa; and
concerned, at the same time, as to the
means of furthering the moral and
material well-being of the native
populations;”

“Freedom of conscience and religious
toleration are expressly guaranteed to
the natives, no less than to subjects and
to foreigners. The free and public
exercise of all forms of divine worship,
and the right to build edifices for
religious purposes, and to organize
religious missions belonging to all
creeds, shall not be limited or fettered in
any way whatsoever.”


Great Britain desired a Cape-to-Cairo collection of
colonies and almost succeeded though their control of
Egypt, Sudan Uganda, Kenya South Africa, and Zambia,
Zimbabwe and Botswana. The British also controlled
Nigeria and Ghana
France took much of western Africa, most of Sahara.

Belgium and King Leopold II controlled the Democratic
Republic of Congo




Portugal took Mozambique & Angola
Italy's holdings were Somalia & a portion of Ethiopia
Germany took Namibia and Tanzania
Spain claimed the smallest territory - Equatorial Guinea.
 “What
ultimately resulted was a
hodgepodge of geometric boundaries that
divided Africa into fifty irregular countries.
This new map of the continent was
superimposed over the one thousand
indigenous cultures and regions of Africa.
The new countries lacked rhyme or reason
and divided coherent groups of people and
merged together disparate groups who
really did not get along.”
Europe superimposed its domains on
Africa.
 When independence returned in the
1950s, ethnic tension, political
fragmentation, bitterness towards
Europe, and the perfect set up for civil
wars and genocides
