Foot, Ankle, & Lower Leg
Anatomical Structures
Bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
28 bones in the foot
Toes = phalanges (14 bones)
Sesamoids
Metatarsals (5 bones)
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (3)
Talus, Calcaneus
Joints
Distal
Inter –
Phalangeal
Joint
Proximal
InterPhalangeal
Joint
MetatarsoPhalangeal
Joint
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bones
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Cuneiform
Intermediate
Cuneiform Lateral
Cuneiform Medial
Navicular
Metatarsals
ProximalPhalanges
Middle Phalanges
Distal Phalanges
Sesamoid
Dot labeling
•
•
•
•
•
•
DP
MP
PP
Mt
MC
IC
• LC
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cu
Nav
Tal
Cal
MM
LM
Medial Side
•Distal
Phalanges – tips
of your toes
•Proximal
Phalanges – the
start of your toes
• Metatarsals
– 1st-4th : Top of the
foot from the MP joint
(last “knuckle”) until
you feel the next
“bump”
Medial
• Navicular - the
prominent structure
on the medial side of
Cuneiform Medial: Between the
the foot.
proximal end of the 1st
metatarsal and the navicular
tuberosity
Medial Malleolus
Bone sticking
out on the
inside
Anterior
• Proximal
Phalanges – the
start of your toes
• Middle
Phalanges –
middle part of
your toes
• Distal Phalanges
– tips of your
toes
•Metatarsals
•1st-4th : Top of the foot from the MP joint (last
“knuckle”) until you feel the next “bump”
•Cuneiform Intermediate
and Lateral – after the
“bump” (the proximal end of
the metatarsals) of the 2nd
and 3rd toes, you will be on
the Intermediate (2nd met)
and Lateral (3rd met)
Cuneiforms
Lateral
•Cuboid: Palpate the styloid
process of the 5th
metatarsal, then move
promixmally and note a
groove
• 5th Metatarsal: lateral
side of the foot, the
proximal end is the most
prominent point on the
lateral side.
•Talus - The
divot
anterior and
inferior to
lateral
malleolus
• Lateral
Malleolus Bone sticking
out on the
lateral side
Calcaneus - Your heel
Peroneal Tubercle:
This tubercle is the
most prominent
landmark on the
calcaneous located
inferior and anterior
Bones
of
Lower
Leg
Arches of the Foot
• Longitudinal Arch
– Runs from Calcaneus to the Metatarsal
Heads
– Acts as a shock absorber
– Proximal end of the Feet are very important!
• Transverse Arch
– Across the metatarsal heads
Longitudinal Arch
Ligaments
• What does a ligament do?
• What is the name for the injury to a
ligament?
Lateral Ligaments
• Anterior Talo-fibular
Ligament (ATF)
• Calcaneofibular
Ligament (CF)
• Posterior
Talo-fibular
Ligament (PTF)
-Anterior
Tibio-Fibular
Ligament
(Anterior Tib-Fib)
-Posterior
Tibio-Fibular
Ligament
(Posterior Tib-Fib)
Deltoid Ligament
- Made up of 4
ligaments in one!
Muscles of lower leg, ankle, & foot
• Gastrocnemius
– O: Medial and Lateral
Condyle of the Femur
– I: Calcaneus
– A: Flex knee, pf ankle
• Soleus (Achilles Tendon)
– O: Proximal fibula,
middle tibia
– I: Calcaneus
– A: pf ankle
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Muscles of Lower Leg
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
– O: Middle posterior fibula
– I: Distal Phalenx of great toe
– A: Pf and inv of ankle, flex great toe
Muscles of Lower Leg
• Flexor Digitorum Longus
– O:Posterior Tibia
– I: Distal phalanges of toes 2-5
– A: pf and inverson of ankle, flex toes 2-5
Muscles of Lower Leg
• Tibialis Posterior
– O: Middle posterior tibia and
fibula
– I: Navicular, medial
cuneiform, and metatarsals
2-5
– A: pf and inversion of ankle
Muscles of Lower Leg
• Peroneus Longus
– O: lateral tibia and proximal fibula
– I: Proximal end of 1st metatarsal
(plantar side)
– A: Eversion/ PF
• Peroneus Brevis
– O: middle fibula
– I: 5th metatarsal
– A: Eversion/ PF
Muscles of Lower Leg
• Tibialis Anterior
– O: lateral proximal tibia
– I: medial cuneiform and
Proximal end of 1st metatarsal
– A: Dorsiflexion/ inversion
Muscles of Lower Leg
• Extensor Digitorum Longus
– O: Lateral tibia/ proximal fibula
– I: phalanges of 2-5
– A: DF, Eversion, Extension 2-5
• Extensor Hallucis Longus
– O: Middle fibula
– I: distal phalanx great toe
– A: DF, Inversion, Extension
great toe
Muscles of Lower Leg Structures
Muscles of Lower Leg
What muscles
• Invert the foot
• Plantarflex
• Evert the foot
• Dorsiflex