ICAO Strategic Objective: Economic Development of Air Transport
State of the Air Transport in 2013
ICAO Aviation Data Analyses Seminar
Middle East (MID) Regional Office
27-29 October
Economic Analysis and Policy (EAP) Section
Air Transport Bureau (ATB)
The air transport industry
The air transport industry is not only
• a vital engine of global socio-economic growth
• but is also of vital importance as a catalyst for
economic development,
– creating direct and indirect employment,
– supporting tourism and local businesses, and
– stimulating foreign investment and international
trade.
2
Economic benefits of aviation
58.1
$2.4
million
Jobs supported by
aviation worldwide
trillion
Global economic
impact*
*including direct, indirect, induced and tourism catalytic
Source: Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), 2014
3
World international cargo shipment
Volume of world international
cargo shipment
Value of world international
cargo shipment
Aviation
Surface modes
Surface modes
Source: Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), 2014
4
Aviation
Economic development in 2013
GDP growth rate
3.5%
Real GDP Quarter-on-Quarter growth
(2013 vs. 2012)
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
3.0%
2.7%
2.4%
+2.5% = 2013 vs. 2012
Real GDP annual growth
1.9%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2013
Source: IHS Global Insight
5
Economic growth recorded
an increasing trend over
the successive quarterly
growth rates of 2013
Commercial air transport fleet in 2013
Turbojets:
30,000
Turboprop
- 88% of world fleet in 2013
- this share increased every year since
2004
Turbojet
Number of aircraft*
25,000
20,000
15,000
2013:
88%
10,000
- 1 500 aircraft deliveries
- More than 3000 aircraft net orders
85%
for the world’s major aircraft manufacturer
5,000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
*Active and parked aircraft are included; aircraft having a maximum take-off mass of less than 9 000 kg (20 000 lbs) are not included
Source: Reed Business Information (RBI), aircraft manufacturer websites
6
Air carrier financial results in 2013
4.0
4.0%
US dollars (billion)
1,000
800
600
3.0
3.0%
2.6%
706
687
3.5
3.5%
717
692
2.5
2.5%
2.0
2.0%
1.5
1.5%
400
1.0
1.0%
200
0.5
0.5%
0
Operating results (% of Revenues)
3.5%
Source: ICAO Annual Report of the Council 2013
Airline operating results in 2013:
3.5% of operating revenues
+0.9 p.p.* vs. 2012
Operating Revenues
0.0
0.0%
2012
Airline operating revenues in 2013:
717 billion USD
+1.7% vs. 2012
Operating Expenses
2013
Operating result
7
*percentage points
Source: ICAO Annual Reports of the Council
8
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
5.8
2003
2001
-
1999
Gulf crisis
World
recession
SARS
9/11 terrorist
attack
Asian crisis
5,000
1997
1,000
1995
1993
1991
4,000
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
Iran-Iraq
war
2,000
1979
1977
1975
Oil
crisis
3,000
1973
1971
1969
1967
1965
1963
1961
1959
1957
1955
1953
1951
1949
6,000
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
+5.5%
trillion RPK
Freight Tonne-Kilometres
1947
7,000
(billion)
1945
(billion)
Revenue Passenger-Kilometres
Air Transport Development
200
40
growth rate vs. 2012
20
-
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
2013 - State of Air Transport
Annual analysis on a world and regional level
•
63 pages of comprehensive analysis and
key figures of air transport
For each ICAO Statistical Region:
• Passenger and cargo traffic for 2011, 2012
and 2013
•
Top 15 States, airlines and airports in 2013
•
Evolution of LCC market penetration in the
last 10 years
9
World Air Transport in 2013
3.1
+4.5%
5.8
+5.5%
32
vs. 2012
billion
+1.2%
vs. 2012
million
Commercial flights performed
Passengers carried
186
vs. 2012
trillion
+0.4%
vs. 2012
billion
Freight Tonne-Kilometres
Revenue Passenger-Kilometres
10
Source: ICAO Annual Report of the Council 2013
10
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
ICAO Statistical Regions
11
World Air Transport in 2013
by Region
Passengers carried (million)
Aircraft departures (million)
Europe
3.1
Africa
Middle East
0.9 -0.4%
1.1 +4.9%
32
Europe
7.9 -0.4%
+4.5%
Africa
vs. 2012
Middle East
8.6 +6.3%
billion
11.0 -1.3%
Asia and Pacific
North America
5.8
Middle East
Latin America and
Caribbean
Revenue
815 +0.9%
Freight Tonne-Kilometres (billion)
+5.5%
1,556 +4.6%
Europe
Africa
Middle East
trillion1,785
Asia and Pacific
+7.7%
1,505 +2.0%
North America
+0.4%
-0.1%
41.5
186
vs. 2012
500 +11.2%
North America
+8.0%
Latin America and
Caribbean
Commercial
flights
performed
+5.7%
230
134 +4.4%
Asia and Pacific
1,008
million
North America
Revenue Passenger-Kilometres (billion)
Africa
vs. 2012
161 +7.8%
Asia and Pacific
Latin America and
Caribbean
Passengers
carried
2.6 +0.4%
Europe
73 +3.5%
817 +3.1%
+1.2%
3.1 +4.0%
22.6
vs. 2012
+12.0%
74.0
billion
39.1 -4.9%
+0.2%
Latin America and
Caribbean
5.3 +2.7%
Freight
Tonne-Kilometres
303 +6.7%
Passenger-Kilometres
12
Source: ICAO Annual Report of the Council 2013
12
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Passenger traffic:
Worldwide distribution (1/2)
35%
Analysis
traffic share in terms of RPK
Asia/ Pacific
30%
Europe
25%
North
America
Since 2010:
Asia/Pacific ranks 1st
20%
Since 2012:
Europe ranks 2nd
15%
Middle East
10%
Latin
America/
Caribbean
5%
Africa
0%
2007
2008
2009
Source: ICAO Annual Reports of the Council
2010
2011
2012
13
Middle East has
gained market share
every year
2013
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Passenger traffic:
Worldwide distribution (2/2)
Distribution in Revenue Passenger-Kilometres
2007
Latin America/
Caribbean Africa
2%
Middle East 4%
2013
1st: North America
2nd: Asia/Pacific
3rd: Europe
Latin America/
Caribbean Africa
5%
2%
Middle East
9%
6%
North America
32%
Europe
27%
Asia/ Pacific
31%
North America
26%
Europe
27%
Asia/ Pacific
29%
Source: ICAO Annual Reports of the Council
1st: Asia/Pacific
2nd: Europe
3rd: North America
14
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Freight traffic:
Worldwide distribution (1/2)
45%
Analysis
Asia/ Pacific
traffic share in terms of FTK
40%
35%
30%
25%
Europe
20%
in 2013:
Asia/Pacific’s FTK
share is 40%
Europe ranks clearly 2nd
North America declined
North
America
15%
Middle East
10%
Latin America/
Caribbean
Africa
5%
0%
2007
2008
2009
Source: ICAO Annual Reports of the Council
2010
2011
2012
15
2013
Asia/Pacific declined in
2011 and 2012
Middle East has gained
market share every year
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Freight traffic:
Worldwide distribution (2/2)
Distribution in Freight Tonne-Kilometres
2007
Latin America/
Caribbean Africa
3%
1%
Middle East
6%
2013
1st: Asia/Pacific
2nd: North America
3rd: Europe
Latin America/
Caribbean Africa
2%
Middle East 3%
12%
Asia/ Pacific
42%
Europe
23%
1st: Asia/Pacific
2nd: Europe
3rd: North America
Asia/ Pacific
40%
North America
21%
Europe
22%
North America
25%
Source: ICAO Annual Reports of the Council
16
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
World Top 15 Airlines in 2013
RPK (billion)
-
United
Delta
Emirates
American
Southwest
Lufthansa
Air France
British Airways
China Southern
US Airways
Air China
Ryanair
China Eastern
Singapore Airlines
Cathay Pacific
Note: scheduled services
100
200
300
- 5 carriers from North America
- 0.5%
+ 2.0%
- 5 carriers from Asia/Pacific
+ 15.8%
+ 1.6%
+5.4%
- 4 carriers from Europe
+ 1.3%
+ 0.5%
+ 4.7%
+ 8.6%
+ 6.0%
+ 8.7%
+ 6.7%
+ 10.9%
+ 2.6%
- 1 carrier from Middle East
- 2 low-cost carriers: Southwest and Ryanair
- Highest growth  Emirates
with +15.8 % RPK growth in 2013 vs 2012
- 0.5%
Source: ICAO Form A and ICAO estimates
Total (international and domestic) services
World Top 15 Airports in 2013
Departures (thousand)
0
100
Atlanta (ATL)
Chicago (ORD)
Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)
Los Angeles (LAX)
Denver (DEN)
Beijing (PEK)
Charlotte (CLT)
Las Vegas (LAS)
Houston (IAH)
Paris (CDG)
Frankfurt (FRA)
London (LHR)
Amsterdam (AMS)
Phoenix (PHX)
Philadelphia (PHL)
Note: scheduled and non-scheduled services
200
300
400
- 2.1%
+ 0.6%
+ 4.3%
- 10 airports in North America
(including the Top 5)
+ 1.6%
- 4.9%
+ 1.9%
+ 1.1%
- 4 airports in Europe
(3 of them recorded negative growth)
- 1.3%
- 0.8%
- 3.9%
- 1 airport in Asia/Pacific:
- 2.0%
Beijing (PEK)
- 0.7%
+ 0.6%
- 3.2%
- 2.0%
Source: ACI
Total (international and domestic) services
Inter-region capacity offered
from Europe to the World
Share of seats offered (%)
to North America
10%
2013
2004
23%
24%
21%
17%
13%
10%
13%
40%
50%
to North America
60%
170
33%
to Africa
to Latin America/
Caribbean
30%
27%
to Asia/Pacific
to Middle East
20%
-6.6 pts
160
seats offered
(index 100 in 2004)
0%
-1.5 pts
+3.8 pts
20% +6.9 pts
-2.7 pts
150
to Asia/Pacific
to Africa
to Middle East
to Latin America/ Caribbean
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
2013
2004
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
FROM EUROPE:
-
1st destination : to North America (-6.6 pts)
Fastest growth destinations during 2004-2013: to Middle East and to Africa  41% share in seats in 2013
Distribution of seats offered among regions is relatively balanced
Note: direct and non-direct flight excluding restrictions - Source: OAG
19
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Inter-region capacity offered
from Africa to the World
Share of seats offered (%)
0%
2013
2004
80%
-7.1 pts
to Middle East
+8 pts
-0.4 pts
to North America
3%
3% -0.4 pts
to Latin America/
Caribbean
1%
-0.1 pts
1%
to Europe
220
69%
21%
5%
6%
60%
62%
29%
to Middle East
to Asia/Pacific
40%
seats offered
(index 100 in 2004)
to Europe
20%
200
to Asia/Pacific
180
to North America
to Latin America/ Caribbean
160
140
120
100
80
2013
2004
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
FROM AFRICA:
-
1st destination : to Europe (-7.1 pts)  more than 60% of seats offered
Fastest growth destination during 2004-2013: to Middle East  29% share in seats in 2013 (+8 pts)
Distribution of seats offered among regions is very unbalanced
Note: direct and non-direct flight excluding restrictions - Source: OAG
20
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Inter-region capacity offered
from Middle East to the World
Share of seats offered (%)
to Asia/Pacific
10%
20%
2013
2004
40%
45%
47%
33%
35%
to Europe
to Africa
30%
17%
14%
to North America
4% +1.2 pts
3%
to Latin America/
Caribbean
1%
+0.6 pts
0%
50%
60%
to Asia/Pacific
to Europe
680
-1.7 pts
to Africa
-2.2 pts
seats offered
(index 100 in 2004)
0%
+2.2 pts
580
to North America
to Latin America/ Caribbean
480
380
280
180
2013
2004
80
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
FROM MIDDLE EAST:
-
1st destination : to Asia/Pacific (-1.7 pts)
Fastest growth destination: to Latin America/Caribbean (UAE/Qatar to Brazil/Argentina)  few seats
Distribution of seats offered among regions is relatively unbalanced
Note: direct and non-direct flight excluding restrictions - Source: OAG
21
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Inter-region capacity offered
from Asia/Pacific to the World
Share of seats offered (%)
to Middle East
10%
2013
2004
20%
39%
34%
38%
24%
to North America
to Latin America/
Caribbean
40%
26%
to Europe
to Africa
30%
33%
50%
60%
to Middle East
180
+13 pts
to Europe
170
seats offered
(index 100 in 2004)
0%
-3.8 pts
-9.6 pts
3%
+0.4 pts
2%
0%
-0.1 pts
1%
to North America
160
to Africa
150
to Latin America/ Caribbean
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
2013
2004
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
FROM ASIA/PACIFIC:
-
1st destination in 2013 : to Middle East (+13 pts)  to Middle East was 3rd in 2004
Fastest growth destination: to Middle East and to Africa  few seats to Africa
Distribution of seats offered among regions is relatively unbalanced
Note: direct and non-direct flight excluding restrictions - Source: OAG
22
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Inter-region capacity offered
from North America to the World
Share of seats offered (%)
to Latin America/
Caribbean
10%
20%
30%
2013
2004
43%
45%
33%
33%
to Europe
20%
21%
to Asia/Pacific
to Middle East
to Africa
40%
50%
60%
-1.6 pts
to Europe
260
-0.1 pts
-0.8 pts
3% +2.1 pts
1%
1%
1%
to Latin America/ Caribbean
280
seats offered
(index 100 in 2004)
0%
+0.4 pts
to Asia/Pacific
240
to Middle East
220
to Africa
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
2013
2004
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
FROM NORTH AMERICA:
-
1st destination: to Latin America/Caribbean (-1.6 pts)
Fastest growth destination: to Middle East and to Africa  few seats offered
Distribution of seats offered among regions is relatively unbalanced
Note: direct and non-direct flight excluding restrictions - Source: OAG
23
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Inter-region capacity offered
from Latin America/Caribbean to the World
Share of seats offered (%)
to North America
20%
60%
2013
2004
to Middle East
1%
0%
to Asia/Pacific
1%
+0 pts
1%
to North America
80%
75%
77%
23%
22%
to Europe
to Africa
40%
to Europe
680
-1.7 pts
to Middle East
seats offered
(index 100 in 2004)
0%
+0.8 pts
+0.8 pts
580
to Asia/Pacific
to Africa
480
380
280
0%
+0.1 pts
0%
180
2013
2004
80
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
FROM LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN:
-
1st destination: to North America (-1.7 pts)  75% of seats offered
Fastest growth destination: to Middle East  few seats offered
Distribution of seats offered among regions is very unbalanced
Note: direct and non-direct flight excluding restrictions - Source: OAG
24
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Europe
Top 5 airlines and Top 5 airports
Top 5 airlines
-
50
100
Lufthansa
*2013 vs. 2012
-
-
+ 4.7%
+ 6.7%
Departures (thousand)
-
200
+ 0.5%
British Airways
Turkish Airlines
150
+ 1.3%*
Air France
Ryanair
Top 5 airports
RPK (billion)
50
100
250
- 3.9%
Frankfurt (FRA)
- 2.0%
London (LHR)
- 0.7%
300
+ 0.5%
Istanbul (IST)
Note: scheduled services
Source: ICAO Form A and ICAO estimates
200
Paris (CDG)
Amsterdam (AMS)
+ 23.6%
150
+ 11.5%
Note: scheduled and non-scheduled services
Source: ACI
Each airline of the Top 5 recorded an increase
Turkish Airlines:
- +20% growth : Network expansion in 2013: +9 new States served, +26 cities served
- 5th largest airline in Europe in 2013
Top 3 airports recorded each a decrease
25
Total (international and domestic) services
Africa
Top 5 airlines - Top 5 airports
Top 5 airlines
Top 5 airports
RPK (billion)
-
10
20
South African Airways
Kenya Airways
*2013 vs. 2012
20
40
60
80
Johannesburg (JNB)
Lagos (LOS)
+ 2.3%
+ 2.9%
- 2.8%
120
- 0.3%
- 10.4%
Nairobi (NBO)
- 2.6%
Cape Town (CPT)
- 4.5%
Note: scheduled services
Source: ICAO Form A and ICAO estimates
100
- 0.5%
Cairo (CAI)
+ 20.0%
Egypt Air
Royal Air Maroc
-
30
- 0.5%*
Ethiopian Airlines
Departures (thousand)
Note: scheduled and non-scheduled services
Source: ACI
-
1st airline and 1st airport are South African
-
Ethiopian Airlines: +20% RPK growth  2nd largest airline in 2013
-
Each airport of the Top 5 recorded a decrease in 2013
-
Africa: +4.4% RPK growth in 2013
26
Total (international and domestic) services
Middle East
Top 5 airlines and Top 5 airports
Top 5 airlines
-
50
100
150
Qatar Airways
*2013 vs. 2012
-
250
50
100
150
+ 7.4%
+ 7.7%
Jeddah (JED)
- 2.3%
Riyadh (RUH)
+ 5.1%
Abu Dhabi (AUH)
200
+ 7.5%
Doha (DOH)
+ 19.0%
+ 3.5%
Departures (thousand)
Dubai (DXB)
+ 11.0%
Etihad Airways
El Al
200
+ 15.8%*
Emirates
Saudi Arabian Airlines
Top 5 airports
RPK (billion)
+ 11.2%
Note: scheduled and non-scheduled services
Source: ACI
Note: scheduled services
Source: ICAO Form A and ICAO estimates
-
All airlines and airports of the Top 5 recorded positive growth rates (except Jeddah airport)
-
Double digit growth for the Top 3 airlines: Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways
-
The Top 5 airlines represents more than 80% of the RPK in Middle East
27
Total (international and domestic) services
Asia/Pacific
Top 5 airlines and Top 5 airports
Top 5 airlines
-
Top 5 airports
RPK (billion)
25
50
75
100
125
China Southern
-
50
100
150
200
250
+ 8.6%
Tokyo (HND)
+ 3.1%
China Eastern
+ 11.3%
Jakarta (CGK)
+ 4.7%
Cathay Pacific
*2013 vs. 2012
+ 2.6%
- 0.5%
Guangzhou (CAN)
+ 5.7%
Hong Kong (HKG)
+ 5.7%
Note: scheduled services
Source: ICAO Form A and ICAO estimates
300
+ 1.9%
Beijing (PEK)
+ 8.6%*
Air China
Singapore Airlines
-
150
Departures (thousand)
Note: scheduled and non-scheduled services
Source: ACI
Top 3 airlines: Only Chinese carriers
Each airport of the Top 5 recorded an increase
Beijing (PEK)  Largest airport in Asia/Pacific : 40% more departures than the 2nd
 2nd largest airport in the world
-
Asia/Pacific : +7.7% RPK growth in 2013
28
Total (international and domestic) services
North America
Top 5 airlines and Top 5 airports
Top 5 airlines
-
100
200
American
+ 4.9%
100
200
300
400
500
- 2.1%
Atlanta (ATL)
+ 0.6%
Chicago (ORD)
Los Angeles (LAX)
- 0.3%
Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)
+ 4.3%
+ 1.6%
Southwest
Departures (thousand)
-
+ 2.0%
Delta
*2013 vs. 2012
300
- 0.5%
United
US Airways
Top 5 airports
RPK (billion)
Denver (DEN)
+ 6.0%
Note: scheduled services
Source: ICAO Form A and ICAO estimates
- 4.9%
Note: scheduled and non-scheduled services
Source: ACI
-
Atlanta airport: 1st airport in the world (departures and passengers) // -2.1% departures growth
-
United airlines: 1st airline in the world (RPK) // -0.5% RPK growth
-
US Airways and American Airlines merged in December 2013
29
Total (international and domestic) services
Latin America and Caribbean
Top 5 airlines and Top 5 airports
Top 5 airlines
-
20
40
TAM Airlines
80
+ 16.3%
Aeromexico
+ 10.9%
Departures (thousand)
-
50
100
150
200
+ 5.0%
Mexico City (MEX)
+ 7.6%
Copa
*2013 vs. 2012
60
+ 0.9%*
GOL
LAN Chile
Top 5 airports
RPK (billion)
Bogota (BOG)
+ 1.0%
São Paulo (GRU)
- 9.0%
Note: scheduled services
Source: ICAO Form A and ICAO estimates
+ 3.8%
São Paulo (CGH)
- 1.8%
Brasilia (BSB)
- 7.8%
Note: scheduled and non-scheduled services
Source: ACI
-
LAN Chile: -9% RPK growth  5th in 2013, 3rd in 2012
-
Copa: +16.3% RPK growth  received seven B737, network expansion (added frequencies and new destinations)
-
Largest airport and strongest growth in the Top 5 airports: Mexico City (+5.0%)
30
Total (international and domestic) services
Low Cost Carriers in 2013
LCC Traffic Share by Region (intra-regional traffic)
Percentage of States served by LCC - 2004 vs 2013
LCC Traffic Share by number of Seats
45%
Europe
40%
30%
+16
States
100%
35%
Latin America/
Caribbean
25%
80%
North America
60%
Asia/ Pacific
20%
40%
15%
5%
+8
States
94%
+5
States
+3
States
79%
100% 100%100%
78%
69%
62%
47%
37%
Middle East
10%
84%
+7
States
20%
22%
0%
Africa
Africa
0%
2004
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Asia/Pacific Europe
2013
Latin
America/
Caribbean
Middle
East
- Largest LCC presence: Europe (37%) and Latin America/Caribbean (31%)
- All States in Middle East have LCC presence in 2013
- Strongest growth: Asia/Pacific and Middle East (+17 pts in 10 years)
- 94% of States have LCC traffic in Europe in 2013
- Smallest LCC presence: Africa
- Asia/Pacific : +16 new States served by LCCs
North
America
31
Source: ICAO, OAG
31
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Low Cost Carriers in 2013
LCCs in
2004
20%
LCCs in
2004
24%
Legacy
carriers
69%
2013
LCCs
40%
LCCs in
2004
LCCs 1%
LCCs
31%
18%
LCCs in
2004
26%
Legacy
carriers
63%
Legacy
carriers
60%
LCCs
37%
LCCs
7%
LCCs in
2004
3%
Legacy
carriers
93%
Legacy
carriers
82%
LCCs in
2004
4%
LCCs
21%
Legacy
carriers
79%
Note: distribution in terms of number of seats intra-region
Source: ICAO, OAG
32
Scheduled commercial traffic
Total (international and domestic) services
Long-term air traffic forecasts: “GATO”
Scheduled passenger traffic
Source: Cir 333, Global Air Transport Outlook to 2030 - GATO
33
Long-term air traffic forecasts: “GATO”
Scheduled freight traffic
Source: Cir 333, Global Air Transport Outlook to 2030 - GATO
34
The Monthly Monitor
•
Published every month
on ICAO website:
http://www.icao.int/sust
ainability/Pages/ATMonthlyMonitor.aspx
•
Outlook and analysis of
passenger and freight
traffic
•
Top 15 airports and
airlines
•
Evolution of the capacity
by region
35
© ICAO All rights reserved.
This document and all information
contained herein is the sole property of
ICAO. No intellectual property rights are
granted by the delivery of this document or
the disclosure of its content. This
document shall not be reproduced or
disclosed to a third party without prior
permission of ICAO. This document and its
content shall not be used for any purpose
other than that for which it is supplied.
The statements made herein are based on
the mentioned assumptions and are
expressed in good faith. Where the
supporting grounds for these statements
are not shown, ICAO will be pleased to
explain the basis thereof.