Study Guide Chapter 14
1. Describe the four basic types of volcanoes. Give two
examples of each volcano type.
2. What is a caldera? Give an example of a caldera.
3. What is the Ring of Fire. Where is it located? What
causes the Ring of Fire.
4. What is a batholith and laccolith.
5. How are layers organized in a sedimentary rock. (Are
layers on top younger or older than bottom layers?)
6. What is warping?
7. What is an anticline and syncline? What causes
recumbent and overthrust folds.
Study Guide continued
8. Identify a normal, reverse, and strikeslip fault on a
block diagram.
9. What is a fault scarp?
10.What type of fault is the San Andreas?
11.What is a graben. Give a well known example of a
graben.
12.Where is the focus of an earthquake?
13.What is the epicenter.
14.What is the correlations between volcanic and
earthquake locations.
Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and
Landforms and Tectonic
Landforms
• Volcanism
• Plutonism
• Materials from volcanoes
– Aa lava, blocky lava
– Pahoehoe, ropy lava
– Pryoclastic material: bombs, volcanic ash,
cinders.
Fig. 14-6, p. 397
Volcanoes
• Four different types of volcanoes
–
–
–
–
Composite cone or stratovolcano
Shield
Plug dome
Cinder cone
Volcanoes
• Stratovolcano
• Mix of lava flow and
pyroclastic material.
Examples: Mt. St.
Helens and Mount
Vesuvius, Mount
Rainier, Mount
Shasta.
• Shield
• Lots of lava, gas,
and little ash. Gentle
cones that emit
basaltic lava. Builds
broad structures
with gentle slopes.
Examples: Hawaii
Fig. 14-12b, p. 400
Volcanoes
• Plug dome
• Steep sided volcanoes
with broad summits
composed of solid
lava. Example is
Figure 14.2-Mt.
Lassen in Northern
California.
• Cinder cone
• Smallest type of volcano.
Little lava and mostly
pyroclastic material.
Examples include Sunset
Crater in Arizona and
some cinder cones in
California and Nevada
deserts.
Fig. 14-14, p. 401
Cinder Cone
Calderas
• Composite volcano
• Violent eruptions, summit collapses into
empty magma chamber
• Fills with water.
• Crater Lake in Oregon
Caldera
Plutons
• Intrusive igneous bodies that are deep
seated. After millions of years of erosion
some of these forms are exposed.
• The largest plutonic feature is a
batholith.
• Laccolith
Batholith
•
•
•
•
•
Larger than 100 square kilometers
Usually granite
Plutons that digest each other
Core of mountain ranges
Sierra Nevada or Rocky Mountains
Laccolith
• Mushroom shape
• Blister below Earth’s surface
• Also forms core of mountain ranges and
hills.
Fig. 14-16, p. 403
Fig. 14-24, p. 408
Earthquakes
• Vibrations of the Earth that occur when
accumulating strain of slow crustal
deformation is suddenly released by
displacement along a fault.
• Focus- Point where earthquake occurs.
• Epicenter-Point on surface above focus.
Faulting
• Lateral faults
– Right lateral strike slip fault
– Left lateral strike slip fault
• Reverse faults
• Normal faults
Fig. 13-34, p. 384
Fig. 14-27, p. 410
slide
slide
Geology Concepts
• Warping
• Laying of sediments
– Oldest to youngest
• Graben
– Death Valley
Fig. 14-31, p. 412