Summarizing &
Note Taking
Research-Based Strategies for Increasing
Student Achievement
From
Classroom Instruction that Works
by
R. Marzano, D. Pickering, J. Pollock
Created by The School District of Lee County, CSDC
in conjunction with
Cindy Harrison, Adams 12 Five Star Schools
Participant Outcomes
Participants will:
• Understand the purpose and
importance of summarizing and
notetaking
• Identify ways to implement
summarizing and notetaking in
the classroom
• Review examples of summarizing
and notetaking activities
Average Effect
Category
Identifying similarities and differences
Percentile
Size (ES)
Gain
1.61
45
No. of ESs
31
Summarizing and note taking
1.00
34
179
Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
0.80
29
21
Homework and practice
0.77
28
134
Nonlinguistic representations
0.75
27
246
Cooperative learning
0.73
27
122
Setting objectives and providing feedback
0.61
23
408
Generating and testing hypotheses
0.61
23
63
Questions, cues and advance organizers
0.59
22
1,251
Summarizing
Discussion question:
How do you currently teach students
in your art room to summarize
information to enhance student
learning?
Research and Theory about
Summarizing
Generalizations based on research:
1. Students must delete, substitute,
and keep some information when
summarizing.
2. Deep analysis is needed in order to
do #1.
3. Must be aware of explicit structure
of information.
Research and Theory about
Summarizing
Generalization #1:
Students must delete, substitute, and keep some information when summarizing.
•Condensing information
•Looking for patterns
•Distilling (extracting) and synthesizing information
•Modeling by teachers
Generalization #2:
To effectively delete, substitute, and keep information, students must analyze the information at a
fairly deep level.
•
•
Seems simple but requires analyzing content
Students need practice to be good at analyzing information
Generalization #3:
Must be aware of explicit structure of information.
•
Most writers present information with an explicit structure or pattern. The
more students understand these structures, the better they are able to
summarize information.
Recommendations for Classroom Practice on
Summarizing
a. Teach the “Rule-Based”
Strategy
– Follows a set of rules that produce a
summary
Recommendations for Classroom Practice on
Summarizing
MODEL FOR SUMMARIZING
Steps in Rule-Based Summarizing for
Steps in Rule-Based Summarizing for
Younger Students
Older Students
1. Take out material that is not
1. Delete trivial material that is
important to understanding.
unnecessary to understanding.
2. Take out words that repeat
2. Delete redundant material.
information.
3. Substitute subordinate terms for
3. Replace a list of things with a word
more specific terms (e.g., use fish
that describes the things in the list
for rainbow trout, salmon, and
(e.g., use trees for elm, oak, and
halibut.)
maple).
4. Select a topic sentence of invent
4. Find a topic sentence. If you
one if it is missing.
cannot find a topic sentence, make
one up.
“Rule Based Strategy”
for Summarizing
Applied to Reading Art Content
.
Delete less important details
. Delete redundant information
. Substitute general for specific
. Select or create topic sentence
Pablo Picasso, Les
Demoiselles
d’Avignon 1907
In 1907, Pablo Picasso exploded into a fury of creativity that produced
this nerve shattering and unpleasant, yet beautiful imagine of humanity
that changed the course of art forever. Three faces seem to be African
masks. The bodies are flat planes of raw color. A more abstract depiction
of humanity cannot be imagined. Face it, the work is not pretty. Picasso
kept the radical canvas hidden for several years. When it was finally shown
to his friends at a drunken party, his colleagues, exclaimed, “After this,
we’ll all have to drink gasoline”. From the creation of this chaotic,
repellent, magnetic, and lyrical painting onward, art no longer had to be
aesthetically right or nice to be a masterpiece.
Art for Dummies Thomas Hoving IDG Books Worldwide INC. 1999
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles
d’Avignon 1907
In 1907, Pablo Picasso painted a new, radical
image of humanity. Three of the faces seem
to be African masks. The bodies are flat
planes of raw color. Picasso had this canvas
hidden for several years. His creation of this
diverse painting, art not longer had to be
aesthetically acceptable.
Recommendations for Classroom Practice on
Summarizing
b. Use Summary Frames
– Choose frame to match information
type
– 6 different types of frames
•
•
•
•
•
•
Narrative
Topic-restriction-illustration
Definition
Argumentation
Problem/solution
conversation
The Narrative Frame
A “Narrative Frame” is found in fiction
and in Narrative Art. It contains:
Characters – Who
Setting – Where
Initiating event – Starts action
Internal response – Reaction to event
Goal – What they decide to do
Consequence – How they meet the goal
Resolution – How it turns out
Narrative Frame Art Example
Read the paragraph describes
The action in the painting
“The Wedding” by Pieter Breughel
the Elder. Use the steps of
narrative frame to Interpret and
analyze it.
Steps of Narrative Frame
1. Characters – who are
they?
2. Setting –where does it
take place
3. Initiating event – what
happened at the
beginning
4. Internal response –
what happened at the
beginning?
5. Goal – What do the
characters decide to do?
6. Consequence – What
happens because of their
decision?
7. Resolution – How does it
end?
The Topic-RestrictionIllustration Frame
• Topic: What is the general
statement or topic?
• Restriction: What information does
the author give that narrows or
restricts the general statement or
topic?
• Illustration: What examples does
the author give to illustrate the topic
or restriction?
opic
•Topic: What is the general statement or
topic?
What are the differences between
Abstract and Realistic Art?
estriction
•Restriction: What information narrows or restricts the general
statement or topic?
•Compare the styles of Brancussi
and Audubon to illustrate the
differences and similarities between
abstract and realistic art.
llustration
•Illustration: What examples
illustrate the topic or
restriction?
The Definition Frame
A “Definition Frame” describes a particular concept
and related concepts:
Term – Word to be defined
Set – General category it is in
Gross Characteristics – How it differs?
Minute Differences – What are sub classes?
1.Term: Shape
2.Set: Elements of Design.
3.Gross Characteristics: Closed space, two
dimensional, creates negative space.
4.Minute differences: Organic, geometric.
Argumentation Frame
An “Argumentation Frame” contains
information to support a claim.
Evidence – What info leads to a claim?
Claim – Asserts that something is true
Support – Examples that support claim
Qualifiers - Restrictions
“The Secret Bench”
Is this public art suitable for Naples?
Does this sculpture represent the community?
What statements in the article support the claim?
What concessions are made about the claim?
Sebastian Nagy, 85, is a letter writer to the Bonita Banner and
a proponent of "The Secret Bench" in Bonita Springs
Though most of his letters stick to politics and politicians, the
controversial sculpture in front of the banyan tree on Old 41
triggered his interest.
The bronze sculpture located outside the Sarnia Library (at the corner of
Christina St. S. and Wellington St.) was created by Canadian artist, Lea
Vivot of Kleinburg, Ontario. "The Secret Bench" was installed on December
26, 1990. Vivot's inspiration for the work is based on the hopes, dreams
and secrets of local residents which were submitted to her. Many of these
inscriptions are included on the bench portion of the sculpture.
The life-size sculpture was purchased by the board of the Sarnia Public
Library and Art Gallery at a cost of $75,000. "The Secret Bench" depicts a
boy and girl sitting on a park bench as the boy whispers into the girl's ear.
Vivot has several similar sculptures in front of such well known buildings as
the National Archives, the United Nations, Toronto's Hospital for Sick
Children, and in New York City's Battery Park.
Problem / Solution Frame
• What is the problem?
• What is a possible solution?
• Are there any other solutions?
• Which solution has the best chance
of succeeding?
Problem:
Clay drying too quickly while working on a vessel.
Possible Solutions:
1.
2.
3.
Which solution has the best chance of
succeeding? Why?
The Conversation Frame
A “Conversation Frame” is a verbal
interchange between two or more
people.
• Greeting - Conversation opener
• Inquiry – General information
• Discussion – Elaboration (Assertions,
Requests, Promises, Demands, Threats,
Congratulations)
• Conclusion – Conversation ending
1.Did the members of the
conversation greet each
other?
2.What question or topic was
insinuated, revealed or
referred to?
3.How did the discussion
progress?
Did either state
facts?
Did either make a
request of
the other?
Did either demand a
specific action of the
other?
Did either threaten
specific consequences
if the demand was not
met?
Did either indicate that
he valued something
the other had done?
4. How did the conversation
conclude?
Recommendations for Classroom Practice on
Summarizing
c. Teach Students Reciprocal
Teaching
– 4 step process
1. Summarizing
2. Questioning
3. Clarifying
4. Predicting
Reciprocal Teaching
1. Summarize what was taught.
2. What did you understand or not
understand about the topic? Why? What
questions did you have as you learned
the lesson?
3. Were there any words you did not
understand?
4. What do you think will be taught next?
How do you think this concept could be
used in the future or real world?
Monet, Claude: Rouen Cathedral
Reciprocal Teaching -provides for a deep level of
understanding necessary for an effective
summary
Leader
summary
ask questions
clarify
Students
clarify (discussion of important facts)
Leader
predicts (what are you going to next with this topic?) to gain deep
understanding of topic.
Leader:
Summary
Ask questions
Clarify
Students:
Clarify (Discussion of important facts)
Leader:
Predicts (What are you going to do next?)
Note Taking
Discussion statement:
It is appropriate for the teacher to
provide students with a complete
set of notes on a topic.”
Do you…
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Research and Theory about
Note Taking
Generalizations based on research:
1. Verbatim note taking is least
effective.
2. Should be a work in progress.
3. Should be used as study guides for
tests.
4. The more notes taken, the better.
Research and Theory about
Note Taking
Generalization #1:
Verbatim note taking is least effective.
•
•
Not engaged in synthesis
Only recording, not analyzing
Generalization #2:
Should be a work in progress.
•
•
•
Continually add to notes
Revise notes
Time to review notes
Research and Theory about
Note Taking
Generalization #3:
Should be used as study guides for tests.
•
If well done, powerful study guide
Generalization #4:
The more notes taken, the better.
•
Strong correlation between amount of notes and
achievement on exams
Recommendations for Classroom Practice on
Note Taking
a. Give Teacher-Prepared Notes
Sketchbook Assignment – Use Emphasis in a Drawing
Teacher Prepared
Notes
Graphic
Questions
The Basics – Emphasis
1.
Makes something
stand out.
2.
Creates a focal
point
(Draw illustration here)
How can I use Emphasis
to make my
composition more
visually interesting?
ii. Characteristics
1.
Contrast
2.
Focal Point
3.
Dominance
(Draw illustration here)
How can I use the
Elements of Art to
create Emphasis?
Recommendations for Classroom Practice on
Note Taking
b. Teach Multiple Formats
crayons
Drawing
Oil pastels
blending
glue
Pencils
Detail drawing
pastels
charcoal
markers
Recommendations for Classroom Practice on
Note Taking
c. Use Combination
Notes
Uses 3 parts:
1. Informal
outlining
2. Graphic
representation
3. summary
Combination Notes
Regular notes Symbol, picture
or graphic
Summary
Combination Notes
In 1907, Pablo Picasso painted
a new, radical image of
humanity.
Three of the faces seem to be
African masks.
The bodies are flat planes of
raw color.
His creation of this diverse
painting, art not longer
had to be aesthetically
acceptable.
Pablo Picasso was a moving force in changing the
way we view art today.
Using a whip
What have you
learned about
summarizing and
note taking?
What thoughts,
questions, challenges, or
ideas do you have?