ITC212 - 201590
Internet Technologies
Lecture # 2
Lecturer: Louis Hourany
Email: lhourany@studygroup.com
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Agenda
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Data Communication
Networks
Network Types
Standards and Administration
Network Layers and their functionalities.
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Data Communication
• Sharing Information
• Form of Information ???
– Text
– Numbers
– Images
– Audio
– Video
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Data Communication (continue …)
• Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of
transmission media.
• Telecommunication, which includes telephony,
telegraph, and television, means
communication at a distance.
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Components
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Data Flow
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Networks
• Interconnection of a set of devices capable of
communication
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Types of Connection
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Types of Connection (bus topology)
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Types of Connection (ring topology)
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Types of Connection (star topology)
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Types of Connection (mesh topology)
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Network Types
• Different type of network we encounter
• Differentiating Criteria size, geographical
coverage and ownership
• Local Area Network
– Privately Owned
– Single Office, building or campus
• Wide Area Network
– A Town, state, a country even whole world
– LAN is limited geographically
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An Isolated LAN in the past and today
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A Point-to-Point WAN
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A Switched WAN
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An internetwork made of two LANs and
one WAN
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Switching
• Internet is a switched Network
• Switch needs to forward data from a network
to another network
• Common types of switched networks
– Circuit-Switched
– Packet-switched
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A circuit-switched network
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A packet-switched network
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internet
• internet is two or more networks that can communicate
• Internet is composed of thousands of interconnected
networks.
• The user, however, needs to be physically connected to
an ISP
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The Internet Today
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Accessing the Internet
• Any user can be part of Internet
• Users need to be physically connected to ISP
• Physical connection is done through point-to-point
WAN
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Internet Standards
• Standards and Protocol helps in smooth
communication
• Standard is thoroughly tested specification that is
useful to and adhered to by those who work with the
internet
• Formalized Regulation
• Strict procedure to acquire status of Internet Standard
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Maturity Levels of an RFC
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Internet Administration
• Roots primarily in the research domain
• Achieved commercialization now a days.
• Various groups that coordinate Internet issues have
guided this growth and development
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Maturity Levels of an RFC
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Protocol
• Rules for both sender and receiver as well for all the
communication
• Simple protocol for simple communication
• Complex communication, we need protocol at each
layer or protocol layering
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A single-layer protocol
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A single-layer protocol
Postal carrier facility
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Principles of Protocol Layering
• Two important principles of protocol layering
1. If we want bidirectional communication, we need to
make each layer so that it is able to perform two
opposite tasks in each direction
2. Two objects under each layer at both sites should be
identical
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Logical Connections between Peer Layers
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Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suit
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Communication through an internet
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Identical Objects in the TCP/IP protocol suit
Identical objects (messages)
Identical objects (segment or user datagram)
Identical objects (datagram)
Identical objects (datagram)
Identical objects (frame)
Identical objects (frame)
Identical objects (bits)
Identical objects (bits)
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Encapsulation / Decapsulation
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Addressing in the TCP/IP protocol suit
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Addressing in the TCP/IP protocol suit
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OSI model
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OSI vs TCP/IP
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Lecture 2 – Part 2
Any questions?
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