Renewable Energy Integration
Professor Stephen Lawrence
Leeds School of Business
University of Colorado at Boulder
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gif
http://www.re-energy.ca/
Agenda
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Current and future sources of energy
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What’s best?
Distributed Generation
World primary energy consumption
BP website (BP.com)
World Energy Consumption to 2025
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html
Energy Forecasts by Sector
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html
Primary energy consumed per capita
BP website (BP.com)
World Primary Energy per Capita
http://www.newint.org/issue284/facts.html
Oil & Gas Production Forecasts
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Global Fossil Carbon Emissions
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
Fossil Fuels
BP website (BP.com)
Petroleum
http://www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg
Natural Gas
www.citypublicservice.com
http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.asp
Coal
http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?id=fow&num=30
Tar Sands
http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm
http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm
Oil Shale
http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg
http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104
Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal
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Large source of atmospheric pollution
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Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned
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Implicated in global warming
Nitrous oxides (NOx) – smog
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – acid rain
Measurable amounts of radioactive material
Naturally present in coal
 More than a nuclear power plant

Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant
Category
Power Plant
100W Light Bulb
Power
500 MW
100 W
Energy / year
3.5 billion kWh
876 kWh
Coal / year
1.43 million tons
714 lbs
Sulfur Dioxide / year
10,000 Tons
5 pounds
Nitrogen Oxides / year
10,200 Tons
5.1 pounds
Carbon Dioxide / year
3,700,000 Tons
1,852 pounds
CO2 Mitigation Options
http://www.netl.doe.gov
Carbon Sequestration Options
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html
Ocean Sequestration
http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html
Polk Power Station – Tampa
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct5.html
FutureGen
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy Consumption
US Production Cost Comparison
http://www.nei.org
Spent Fuel Cooling Pool
http://www.uic.com.au/opinion6.html
Yucca Mountain Cross Section
http://www.nrc.gov/waste/hlw-disposal/design.html
Transportation Concerns
http://www.nei.org/http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=2&catid=84
Anti-Nuclear Ad
http://perth.indymedia.org/storyuploads/13114/en_4b.jpg
Hydropower
http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg
Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams
Wind Energy
U.S. Wind
Energy
Capacity
US Wind
Energy
Capacity
10000
8000
6000
MW
4000
2000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Recent Capacity Enhancements
2006
5 MW
600’
2000
850 kW
265’
2003
1.8 MW
350’
Costs Nosedive  Wind’s Success
38 cents/kWh
$0.40
$0.30
$0.20
3.5-5.0 cents/kWh
$0.10
$0.00
1980
1984
1988
1991
1995
2000
2005
Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars,
not including tax credit
Solar Energy
Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales
http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm
Large Scale Solar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel
Small Scale Solar
Solar Cell Production Volume
Sharp Corporation
http://sharp-world.com/solar/generation/images/graph_2004.gif
PV Cell Efficiencies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nrel_best_research_pv_cell_efficiencies.png
Solar Thermal Energy
http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/re-kiosk/solar/solar-thermal/case-studies/central-receiver.shtml
Oceanic Energy
Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines)
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Direct drive to generator
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Gravity base
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Versus a bored
foundation
Fixed pitch turbine blades
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http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm
No gearboxes
Improved reliability
But trades off efficiency
Cross Section of a Tidal Barrage
http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html
Tapered Channel (Tapchan)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.html
LIMPET Oscillating Water Column
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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Completed 2000
Scottish Isles
Two counter-rotating
Wells turbines
Two generators
500 kW max power
“Mighty Whale” Design – Japan
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/
Ocean Wave Conversion System
http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html
World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW)
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Source
Tides
Waves
Currents
OTEC1
Salinity
World
electric2
World hydro
1 Temperature
2 As
gradients
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Potential
(est)
2,500 GW
2,7003
5,000
200,000
1,000,000

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4,000
3
Along coastlines
4
Practical (est)
20 GW
500
50
40
NPA4
2,800
550
Not presently available
of 1998
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
Geothermal Energy Plant
Geothermal energy plant in Iceland
http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/
Geothermal Site Schematic
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004
Methods of Heat Extraction
http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html
Global Geothermal Sites
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg
Bioenergy Cycle
http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg
Types of Biomass
Municipal Solid Waste
http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg
Landfill Gasses
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Hydrogen Economy Schematic
Electrolysis of Water (H2O)
http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/edu_k-12/9-12/fc_energy/make_your_own_hydrogen_results.html
Hydrogen Economy
Transporting Hydrogen
UNIDO-ICHET Projection
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php
What to do? What’s best?
Distributed Generation
Centralized vs. Distributed Generation
http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm
US Net Energy Flows
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/USenergyFlow99-quads_Internet.jpg
Power Generation Efficiency
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Central Power Generation (today)
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Remote, Large, Expensive
Long Distance Delivery
Fossil Fuel Plants
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Nuclear Plants
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Waste Disposal
Hydroelectric Plants
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Waste Heat (Nuclear)
Environment Unfriendly (Co2)
Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg)
Flooding
Unreliable (2000-2003)
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110 Grid Failures
Cost $80-123 B./Yr
Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Current Power Industry - Opinion
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Monopolies
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Regulated
No competition
Ossified
Expensive
Inefficient
Unreliable
Unfriendly
“Time has come for an energy revolution”
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Distributed Generation
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Located next to user
Range of energy sources
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Capacity kw –Mw
Economic benefits
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“Waste” heat used
Lowers fossil fuel use
Low investment
Power failure losses eliminated
Environmental/ health costs reduced
Grid costs – peak/capital
Lower electric bills
Flexibility of location
Cogeneration


Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables,
Hydrogen, nuclear
Combined heat & power (CHP)
Micropower
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Opinions Regarding DG
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DG Can Play a Key Role
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Opinions
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Where reliability is crucial- emergency capacity
Alternative to local network expansion
“Has potential to fundamentally alter structure and organization of our
electric power system” (IEA)
“Micropower passes nuclear as technology of choice for new plants
globally. We really could be seeing the revival of Edison’s dream”
(VVV)
“The era of monopolization, centralization and other regulation has
started to give way to market forces in electricity” (VVV)
United States today
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931 DG Plants
Deliver 72,800 MW
8.1% Of total US Power
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Sources of DG
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Solar – photovoltaic and thermal
Wind Turbines
Hydroelectric (large scale and micro)
Geothermal
Oceanic
Nuclear
Fossil Fuels
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Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
CG vs. DG Today
Waste Energy %
Delivered Electricity %
Total Costs ($)
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Generation
T&D
Total
CO2
Oil Equivalent (BB)
Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $)
CG
67
33
DG
10
90
4.2
6.6
10.8
5.2
0.6
5.8
X
Y
Z
0.5X
-122
-2.87
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
CG vs. DG in 2020
Capital
Total Power Cost
Unit Power Cost
$B
$B
¢/kWh
CG
831
145
8.6
DG
504
55
5.5
X
A
B
0.5X
0.4A
0.1B
Emissions
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CO2
NOx
SO2
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Enabling DG Technologies
Microturbines
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Low to moderate initial capital cost
Fuel flexibility,
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Heat released from burning the fuel
also providing heating and cooling
needs (CHP
Extremely low air emissions

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burn either gaseous (natural gas,
propane, biogases, oil-field
flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel,
kerosene)
NOx, CO, and SOx
Continuous operating even during
brownout or blackout
A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60kilowatt units have just one moving part – a
shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.
Microturbine Systems
http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htm
http://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html
Micro-Hydro
http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm
Porker Power – Lamar Colorado
Video
http://www.state.co.us/oemc/programs/distributed/
Distributed Generation Summary
Advantages of DG
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Local positioning avoids transmission and
distribution losses
Generation adjacent to loads allows convenient use
of heat energy
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Local positioning enables available sources of
energy to be used,
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Combined heat and power (CHP)
Waste products or renewable resources may be easily
utilized to supplement fossil fuels
Local positioning allows the use of available single
or three phase generation
http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm
Disadvantages of DG
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Disadvantages
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Conventional distribution systems need adequate protection in
order to accommodate exchange of power
Signaling for dispatch of resources becomes extremely
complicated
Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish
Issues with DG
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The use of “Net Power” in certain areas of the US
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IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation
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Power companies must by power from distributors a market rates
Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric
power systems
Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple sources
System protection under two way exchange of power
http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm
Extra Slides
Ramgen Fossil Fuel Generator
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/distgen/ramgen.html