英文寫作技巧及論文寫作
格式
宋麗梅
國立台灣大學外文系
4/26/2003
英文寫作技巧
Writing Process
• Writing is a process that involves the
following 4 steps:
– Discovering a thesis – often through
prewriting
– Developing solid support for the thesis –
often through more prewriting
– Organizing the thesis and supporting
material and writing it out in a first draft
– Revising and then editing carefully to
ensure an effective, error-free paper
Writing Process
• Prewriting
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Technique 1: Freewriting
Technique 2: Questioning
Technique 3: Making a List
Technique 4: Clustering
Technique 5: Preparing a Scratch Outline
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Unity
Support
Coherence
Sentence skills
• Revising
• Editing
Essay (Paragraph) Development
• Traditionally, essay (paragraph) writing has been
divided into the following patterns of
development:
* Description
* Narration
* Exposition
- Examples
- Process
- Cause and effect
- Comparison and contrast
- Definition
- Division and classification
*Argumentation
Diagram of an Essay
Title of the Essay
Introduction
Opening remarks to catch reader’s interest
Thesis statement
Plan of development
Topic sentence 1 (supporting point 1)
Specific evidence
Body
Topic sentence 2 (supporting point 2)
Specific evidence
Topic sentence 3 (supporting point 3)
Specific evidence
Conclusion
Summary
General closing remarks
Revising
• Four bases
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Unity
Support
Coherence
Sentence skills
Vocabulary Wordsheet
Word: formidable Pronunciation: [
Meanings: 1. feared or dreaded
2. extremely difficult
]
Other forms of the word: formidably , formidability
Use of the word in context: Several formidable obstacles
stand between Matt and his goal.
Keeping a Journal
• One excellent way to get practice in
writing is to keep a daily or almost
daily journal.
論文寫作格式
Writing Research Papers
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Why do research at all?
Need a research topic?
Need to find information?
Need to get organized?
Need to know which sources are reliable and
worth citing?
• Provide detailed instruction and examples of four
academic styles – MLA (English), APA (social
sciences), CMS (humanities), and CBE (sciences).
Need a research topic?
• Drafting a research proposal
– The Short Proposal
– The Long Proposal
– Explaining Your Purpose in the Research
Proposal
– Identifying Your Audience in the Research
Proposal
– Identifying Your Role as a Researcher in the
Proposal
Some Reference Books:
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers,
Joseph Gibaldi, 5th Edition*
• Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide,
James D. Lester, 10th Edition*
• Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and
Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article, Howard
Becker
• Dissertations and Theses from Start to Finish:
Psychology and Related Fields, John Cone and
Sharon Foster
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, Fifth Edition*
• (*available from Bookman)