The Cultural Geography
of Latin America
Chapter Focus
Section 1 Population Patterns
Section 2 History and Government
Section 3 Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter Assessment
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Carnival, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Geographic Setting
More than 70 percent of the
people of Latin America live in
urban areas.
Chapter Objectives
• Understand that the people of
Latin America represent diverse
ethnic groups. 
• Recognize that Latin American
countries were once European
colonies. 
• Explain how Roman Catholicism has
influenced Latin American culture.
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Geographic Themes
• Section 1 Population Patterns
REGION The people of Latin
America represent diverse ethnic
groups, with more than one-half
being of mixed ethnic heritage. 
• Section 2 History and Government
MOVEMENT Latin American
countries were once European
colonies. 
• Section 3 Cultures and Lifestyles
PLACE Roman Catholicism has
influenced Latin American culture.
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Population Patterns
Read to Discover…
• the ethnic diversity of Latin America. 
• the population density and distribution in
Latin America. 
• the urbanization of Latin America. 
Key Terms
mestizos, mulatto, dialect, primate city
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Population Patterns
Identify and Locate
Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Honduras, El
Salvador, Dominican Republic, Caracas,
Santiago, Patagonia, Mexican Plateau,
Barbados, Bahamas, Suriname, Mexico City,
São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires,
Montevideo 
Section Objectives
1. Appreciate the ethnic diversity of Latin
America. 
2. Examine population density and distribution
in Latin America. 
3. Discuss the urbanization of Latin America.
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Introduction
• While Latin Americans have diverse
backgrounds, common threads bind
the people into a single culture region.
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MOVEMENT
Human Characteristics
• The approximately 500 million people
who live in Latin America have different
backgrounds and are members of
various ethnic groups, including… 
– Native Americans. 
– Europeans. 
– Africans. 
– Asians. 
– mixtures of these groups.
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Ethnic Diversity
• Native Americans were the first to
settle present-day Latin America.
These great civilizations included…

– the Aztec of Mexico. 
– the Maya of the Yucatán Peninsula and
surrounding areas of Central America. 
– the Inca of the highlands of Peru. 
• Even though other groups conquered
and settled in the region, many Native
American cultural characteristics still
remain.
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Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
• Today most Native Americans in Latin
America live in isolated villages in
Mexico, Central America, and the Andes
area of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. 
• The Native Americans continue to
practice the traditional ways of their
ancestors, working to preserve their
own cultures. 
• Europeans first arrived in present-day
Latin America in the late 1400s. 
• Early European settlers were mostly
Spanish and Portuguese.
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Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
• Many other groups came as well,
including Italians, British, French, and
Germans. 
• Africans first came in the 1500s as
enslaved people, forcibly brought by
the Europeans to work the plantations
in Brazil and the Caribbean Islands. 
• Asians first settled Latin America
during the 1800s, arriving voluntarily,
to work the plantations.
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A Blending of Peoples
• The blending of peoples can be seen
throughout Latin America. 
• In some countries, such as Mexico,
Honduras, and El Salvador, mestizos–
people of mixed Native American and
European descent–make up the biggest
part of the population. 
• In other countries, such as Cuba and
the Dominican Republic, mulattoes–
people of mixed African and European
descent–form a large percentage of the
population.
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Language
• Most of the countries of Latin America
adopted the languages of the
countries that colonized them. 
– Brazil’s language is Portuguese. 
– Haiti’s and Martinique’s language is French. 
– Jamaica’s and Guyana’s language is English.

• Today Spanish is the official language
of most of the countries of Latin
America.
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Language (cont.)
• Each nation also has its own dialects,
forms of a language peculiar to a
particular place or group, changed by
the addition of certain Native American
words. 
• Millions of Latin Americans speak
Native American languages such as
Quechua, Guaraní, and Mayan.
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REGION
Population Density and Distribution
• The people of Latin America are not
evenly distributed across the region.
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Population Distribution
• Much of Latin America is not densely
populated, with most Latin Americans
living on only one-third of the land. 
• Latin Americans are clustered around
the coasts of South America and in a
broad strip of land that reaches south
from central Mexico into Central
America. 
• More than 66 percent of Latin Americans
live in South America, most in or around
cities on or near the coast.
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Population Distribution (cont.)
• Geographers often divide “the
populated rim of South America” into
two major parts: 
– The larger is along the eastern edge of
South America–from the mouth of the
Amazon River in Brazil to the grasslands
around Buenos Aires, Argentina. 
– The smaller is along the coast and in the
Andes, stretching along the western side of
South America from Caracas, Venezuela,
to Santiago, Chile.
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Population Distribution (cont.)
• The next largest number of Latin
Americans live in Middle America,
mostly in the Mexican Plateau and
along the Pacific coast of Central
America, largely in the highlands.
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Population Density
• Population density varies greatly in
Latin America. 
• Mexico is the most populated Spanishspeaking nation in the world. 
• After Brazil, Mexico is the second most
heavily populated country in Latin
America. 
• Suriname is the most sparsely
populated country.
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Population Density (cont.)
• Caribbean countries are small, have high
birth rates, and have areas that are
unsuitable for settlement or for farming.
These factors lead to a very high
population density. 
• In South America, population densities
are relatively low. 
• In most Latin American countries,
population density varies by region. 
• In most of the island countries of the
Caribbean, however, people tend to
be more evenly distributed.
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MOVEMENT
Urbanization
• In the past most Latin Americans lived
in the countryside and worked the
land. 
• Now most live in urban areas.
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One-Way Migration
• Living conditions are so poor in much of
rural Latin America that Latin Americans
migrate to the cities to find… 
– a better education. 
– higher-paying jobs. 
– broader markets. 
– decent health care. 
• The inability to read and write and lack
of necessary skills leaves most unable
to qualify for the jobs.
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One-Way Migration (cont.)
• The urban population explosion has
brought problems, including… 
– a lack of resources to meet the needs of
the people. 
– people with little or no money. 
– slums and shantytowns.
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The Cities
• As a result of people moving to the
cities, today most Latin American
nations are urbanized. 
• Four cities in the region rank among the
15 largest urban areas in the world: 
– Mexico City, Mexico 
– São Paulo, Brazil 
– Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 
– Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The Cities (cont.)
• Many Latin American cities have become
primate cities, cities with a concentrated
urban population that dominates the
economy, culture, and government. 
• Some of the fastest-growing cities in the
world are in Latin America. 
• Mexico City, the nation’s capital,
functions as Mexico’s leading business,
industrial, and cultural center. 
• Mexico City also is one of the most
polluted cities in the world.
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In what two general areas do most
Latin Americans live?
Most Latin Americans live in a broad
strip of land that reaches south from
central Mexico well into Central
America and around the coasts of
South America.
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Latin America has been called the
“melting pot of the Western
Hemisphere.” What reasons can you
give for this?
Ethnic diversity and intermarriage in
the region have resulted in Latin
America becoming a “melting pot.”
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the answer.
History and Government
Read to Discover…
• the native American civilizations of Latin
America. 
• the European empires of Latin America. 
• the status of modern government in
Latin America. 
Key Terms
chinampas, quipu, conquistador, viceroy,
fazenda, caudillo
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History and Government
Identify and Locate
Yucatán Peninsula, Lake Texcoco,
Tenochtitlán, Cuzco, Ecuador, Chile,
Lima, Brazil, Haiti, Mexico, Cuba 
Section Objectives
1. Locate Native American civilizations
of Latin America. 
2. Describe European empires of Latin
America. 
3. Discuss modern government in Latin
America.
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Introduction
• Latin America’s past includes Native
American civilizations, European
colonial empires, and struggles for
independence.
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REGION
Native American Empires
• Native Americans came to the
Western Hemisphere thousands of
years ago, probably across the Bering
Strait. 
• Years before Christopher Columbus
arrived in 1492, three Native American
civilizations emerged: 
– the Maya 
– the Aztec 
– the Inca
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The Maya
• The Maya created an empire in
Central America and southern Mexico,
building many cities, temples,
terraces, and courts. 
• Priests and nobles ruled the cities and
surrounding areas. 
• The Maya economy was based on trade
and agriculture. 
• The Maya used a number system based
on 20, developed a symbol for zero, and
created a calendar based on the earth’s
orbit of a little more than 365 days.
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The Aztec
• The Aztec were originally wanderers. 
• In the 1300s they built a permanent
capital city, called Tenochtitlán, on an
island in the center of a large lake. 
• Farmers grew crops of beans and maize
on chinampas, floating artificial islands. 
• An emperor headed the complex Aztec
political system. 
• The Aztec worshiped gods and
goddesses and held ceremonies to win
the deities’ favor and guarantee good
harvests.
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The Inca
• At the same time, the Inca were
establishing an empire that stretched
along the Andes from Ecuador to Chile. 
• The Inca built their capital, Cuzco, in
Peru and ruled their lands through an
emperor. 
• Incan farmers cut terraces into the
slopes of the Andes, built irrigation
systems, and domesticated animals. 
• The Inca had no written language but
kept records and sent messages using a
quipu, a rope with knotted cords of
various lengths and colors.
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MOVEMENT
European Empires
• In the late 1400s, when European
explorers set out to find new trade
routes to Asia, the explorers reached
the Americas. 
• Spain and Portugal vied for land in the
Americas. 
• To avoid conflicts, the Pope drew an
imaginary line, the Line of Demarcation,
that ran from the North Pole to the South
Pole, to split up the territory.
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Spanish Conquests
• The European search for trade routes
eventually turned into a search for
riches and for opportunities to convert
Native Americans to Christianity. 
• Spanish conquistadors, or
conquerors, overpowered the Aztec
and Inca empires, seizing their wealth
for Spain. 
• Spain established colonies from
Mexico to Bolivia, mining gold and
silver.
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Spanish Conquests (cont.)
• The Spaniards set up plantations,
farms, and huge cattle ranches. 
• Initially, the Spaniards used Native
Americans to work the plantations. 
• When hundreds of thousands of Native
Americans died from enslavement
conditions and European diseases, the
Spaniards brought in enslaved Africans. 
• Viceroys from distant Spain governed
the colonies, resulting in a strict social
structure with Europeans at the top and
Native Americans and Africans at the
bottom.
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The Portuguese and Brazil
• The Portuguese had claimed Brazil
as early as 1500. 
• The land had brazilwood–a tree from
which red dyes could be made–and
was good for raising livestock. 
• On the coastal lowlands, the Portuguese
built sugar plantations called fazendas. 
• The Portuguese relied on enslaved
Native Americans and later Africans to
work the plantations.
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Independence
• Beginning in the late 1700s, many
people in Latin America began to
resent European rule. 
• Haiti was the first Latin American
country to rid itself of French rule in
1804. 
• In 1824 Mexico became the first
Spanish-ruled nation in Latin America to
gain freedom. 
• By the mid-1800s most Latin American
countries had gained independence.
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Independence (cont.)
• Only one nation, Brazil, became
independent without revolution,
choosing monarchy, rule by a king or
queen, as its government. 
• With the exception of Haiti,
independence took longer for the
islands of the Caribbean. 
• Many of these islands did not gain
their independence until well into the
1900s.
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REGION
Dictatorships and Democracies
• Wars of independence created
political and economic confusion in
Latin America countries. 
• Leaders of the newly independent
countries wanted to build stable
governments and prosperous
economies. 
• The huge size of many of the new
countries and such physical barriers as
mountains and dense rain forests made
communications and trade difficult.
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Power of the Strong
• New leaders, known as caudillos, or
“strong men,” promised to solve Latin
America’s problems. 
• Almost all caudillos were military
rulers ruling as dictators and
supported by wealthy landowners. 
• In the later 1800s and early 1900s,
caudillos ruled as dictators in many
Latin American countries.
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Desire for Change
• Rapid industrialization between 1940
and 1970 brought social changes to
Latin America. 
• Newfound wealth enriched the upper
classes. 
• The growing gap between rich and poor
spread unrest among farmers and
workers. 
• Military governments resisted demands
for reform and fought political unrest
with terror.
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Desire for Change (cont.)
• Democracy was a political goal in most
nations, except for the Communist rule
of Fidel Castro in Cuba. 
• By the mid-1990s, new democratic
governments had begun to replace the
old, harsh political systems.
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Where were the Maya, Aztec, and
Inca civilizations located?
Maya: Central America and southern
Mexico
Aztec: central Mexico
Inca:
along the Andes from
Ecuador to Chile
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the answers.
Why did Latin Americans seek
independence in the late 1700s and
early 1800s?
Latin Americans wanted freedom,
resented Europeans, and felt inspired
by the American and French
revolutions.
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the answer.
Cultures and Lifestyles
Read to Discover…
• the religions of Latin America. 
• the concerns of health care and education
in Latin America. 
• the arts of Latin America. 
• what life and leisure in Latin America is
like. 
Key Terms
malnutrition, mosaic, modernism,
extended family, fútbol, jai alai
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Cultures and Lifestyles
Identify and Locate
Santo Domingo, Caracas, Rio de Janeiro,
Brasília 
Section Objectives
1. Name the religions of Latin America. 
2. Examine health care and education in
Latin America. 
3. Discuss the arts of Latin America. 
4. Describe life and leisure in Latin
America.
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Introduction
• Latin American culture is rooted in the
intermingling of people.
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MOVEMENT
Religion
• The Spaniards and the Portuguese
brought Roman Catholicism to Latin
America. 
• Since then the Roman Catholic
Church has had a strong influence in
the region.
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Roman Catholicism
• During colonial times, Roman
Catholicism was the official religion of
the Spanish colonies and Brazil. 
• Priests had come to the Americas with
the conquistadors, working to convert
Native Americans to Christianity. 
• Church leaders played an important
part in political affairs, and the Roman
Catholic Church became wealthy.
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Roman Catholicism (cont.)
• When the fight for independence
came, church leaders backed the
European powers, leading some Latin
Americans to question the Church’s
privileges. 
• The Roman Catholic Church remains
strong in Latin America today, but it
does not have the influence it once
did.
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Growth of Protestantism
• Some of the Europeans who came to
Latin America in the 1800s were
Protestant. 
• In the 1960s Protestantism began to
attract large numbers of Latin
Americans.
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PLACE
Health Care and Education
• Health care and education are two
major areas of concern and need in
Latin America.
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Health Care
• Because of medical advances, better
health care services, improved diets,
and better sanitation, more Latin
Americans are living longer. 
• Health care, however, is still poor in
many rural and urban areas, and
malnutrition, poor nutrition because
of a badly balanced diet or not enough
food, is a major problem.
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Educational Opportunities
• Education in Latin America remains a
challenge: 
– The literacy rate is low. 
– There are too few schools and teachers. 
– More than half the teachers, especially in
rural areas, do not have teaching degrees. 
– Many children cannot go to school because
their families need the money the children
earn by working.
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Educational Opportunities (cont.)
• Latin American education, however,
has improved in recent years: 
– All children can go to school for free for
12 years. 
– The literacy rate has improved more than
90 percent.
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PLACE
The Arts and Literature
• In the past, the arts and literature of
Latin America were dominated by
European standards. 
• Today’s Latin American artists have
developed unique styles, many of
which reflect their diverse ethnic
heritages.
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Traditional Arts and Literature
• Native Americans produced the
earliest Latin American art forms,
creating weavings, wood carvings,
pottery, and metalwork. 
• They also built temples decorated with
colored murals and mosaics–pictures
or designs made by setting small bits
of colored stone, glass, or tile in
mortar. 
• Native Americans also created the
region’s earliest music and dance.
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Traditional Arts and Literature (cont.)
• Africans brought the rhythms, songs,
and dances out of which calypso,
reggae, and samba evolved. 
• Most colonial-era paintings had
religious themes. 
• After independence, Latin American
painters and composers began mixing
European and Native American themes. 
• In the late 1800s a literary movement
known as modernism developed, in
which writers and poets focused on
artistic expression for its own sake.
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Art and Literature
• In the 1900s Mexican artists, such as
Diego Rivera, began using art to
educate. 
• They created huge murals that
combined modern forms with traditional
Native American designs to present the
daily life and history of their countries. 
• Latin American writers also began to
show more interest in social and
political subjects.
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Art and Literature (cont.)
• During the last 50 years, Latin
American artists and writers have
become recognized internationally. 
– The Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer is
known worldwide for his curved sculptures
and his use of Native American designs in
mosaics. 
– Audiences in many countries have applauded
dance companies like the Ballet Folklórico of
Mexico. 
– Writers like Gabriela Mistral and Pablo
Neruda of Chile, Octavio Paz of Mexico,
Miguel Angel Asturias of Guatemala, and
Gabriel García Márquez of Colombia have all
won Nobel Prizes for Literature.
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REGION
Life and Leisure
• Latin Americans place great emphasis
on social status, family life, personal
honor, and individual freedom.
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Way of Life
• Latin Americans have a strong sense
of family. 
• Each person is part of an extended
family that includes aunts, uncles,
and other relatives besides parents
and children. 
• In Latin America a person’s quality of
life depends on his or her social class,
nationality, and place of residence. 
• A large gap exists between lower
class and the middle and upper
classes.
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Leisure Time and Celebrations
• Latin Americans enjoy sports,
especially fútbol, or soccer. 
• A traditional favorite among many
Mexicans and Cubans is jai alai, a game
that is played with a ball and a long
curved basket that is strapped to a
player’s wrist. 
• Other Latin American pastimes are
musical events, dances, the theater,
movies, and parties. 
• Most Latin Americans celebrate their
independence days and religious
holidays.
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In what country did artists begin
using art to educate?
Artists began using art to educate in
Mexico.
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the answer.
How have medical advances affected
population growth?
They have increased life expectancy
and lowered infant mortality, resulting
in a higher population growth rate.
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the answer.
Section 1 Summary
• Latin America’s ethnically diverse population
includes Native Americans, Europeans,
Africans, Asians, mestizos, and mulattoes. 
• The Latin American population is not evenly
distributed. 
• Latin America’s urban population has
increased rapidly as people have moved
from rural to urban areas.
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Section 2 Summary
• Maya, Aztec, and Inca built highly developed
civilizations long before Europeans arrived in
the Americas. 
• Spain and Portugal controlled most of Latin
America for more than 300 years. 
• Most present-day leaders want a stable
government and an improved quality of life
for Latin Americans.
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Section 3 Summary
• The major religion of Latin America, Roman
Catholicism, was brought to the region by the
Spaniards and the Portuguese. 
• Many advances have been made in Latin
America in health care and education. 
• Arts and literature have become less
European and more uniquely Latin
American. 
• Although social class, way of life, and leisure
activities may differ, all Latin Americans have
a strong sense of family.
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People of mixed African and European
ancestry are known as ________.
mulattoes
A _________
primate city dominates a country’s
economy, culture, and government.
People of mixed Native American
and European ancestry are known
as _______.
mestizos
The Inca used a rope with knotted
cords called a ____.
quipu
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the answers.
The Aztec and Inca empires were
conquered by Spanish ___________.
conquistadors
In the 1800s many Latin Americans
were ruled by dictators called _______.
caudillos
______
Jai alai is a game like handball
enjoyed by Cubans and Mexicans.
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the answers.
An ____________
extended family includes
relatives other than a husband,
wife, and children.
Pictures made from small bits of
colored glass set in mortar are
called mosaics
______.
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the answers.
What is the official language for more
than one-half of Latin America?
Spanish is the official language for
more than one-half of Latin America.
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the answer.
What was the only independent
South American country to choose
monarchy?
Brazil was the only independent
South American country to choose
monarchy.
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the answer.
What are some of the problems
associated with education in
Latin America?
Problems with education include:
1. too few schools and teachers
2. teachers without teaching degrees
3. children who cannot attend school
because they have to work to
support their families
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the answer.
Match the letters on the map with
the places and physical features
of Latin America.
1. Mexico City
2. Lima
3. Port-au-Prince
4. Montevideo
5. Havana
6. La Paz, Sucre
7. Quito
8. Brasília
9. Buenos Aires
10. Bogotá
11. Santiago
12. Caracas
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What measures would best prepare
Latin American peasants for a move
to the city?
Practicing a skill and learning to
read and write would best prepare
them for the move.
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the answer.
Map and Graph Skills
Interpreting a Population Pyramid
After listening to the introduction, take a few
moments to read “Reviewing the Skill”
on page 190 in your textbook.
What countries are shown
in the graphs?
Uruguay, Cuba
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What percentage of Uruguay’s
male population is between the
ages of 20–29?
7.3%
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What percentage of Cuba’s
total population is between the
ages of 40–59?
19.1%
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Which country has a
declining population?
Cuba
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In which country is there a
greater percentage of older
women than men?
Uruguay
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Which country has the most
even distribution of men
and women?
Cuba
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