INDIA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
2011
TOWARDS SOCIAL INCLUSION
1
To the Members of Parliament
26th April 2012
Institute of Applied Manpower Research
Planning Commission
Structure of the Presentation
2








Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting
Human
Development:
Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
Vulnerable Groups
Structure of the Presentation
3








Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
Vulnerable Groups
Conceptual Framework
4

Feedback loop model - states that human development
outcomes feed back as inputs into the development
process.

These feedback loops operate both at the micro
(individual) as well as macro (societal) levels.

Interventions to promote human capital formation
(through investments in health and education) are key
requirements for economic growth to be more
successful in reducing income poverty.
Feedback Loops in the Human Development
Process – at the micro level
5
Human development outcomes/outputs
Social
services Knowled Family Health
ge
size
status
inputs/
processe
s
Educ
↲
↲
Nutritio Healthy
nal
living
status conditio
ns
↲
↲
↲
↲
Family
↲
Plg
↲
Health
Nutritio
↲
n
Water
&
Sanitati
on
↲
↲
↲

While shaded cells show
relationship b/w an input &
output variable, arrows
depict
feedback effects
from
development
outcomes to inputs.
An example
6

Education makes an individual more aware of healthy
& hygienic practices.

Education therefore can serve as an input towards
better health and nutritional status which feeds back
into better learning ability.

Similarly, educated parents understand importance of
family planning & reduced family size which in turn
feeds back into better health (both for the mother and
the child) & education for all children in the family.
Feedback loops at the Macroeconomic level
7


Economic growth, human
capital formation, & income
poverty
reduction
are
synergistically related such
that,
the
impact
of
intervention in any one is
enhanced by investments in
any other (Synergy 2)
improved human capital
formation, for both men and
women, ensures an educated
workforce that can engage in
eco activities & earn better
livelihoods
Structure of the Presentation
8







Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
India’s rank in the world in Human Development
Index falls in 2011?
9
Gross national income per
capita rank
HDI value 2011 HDI rank 2011
High Human Development
Russia
Brazil
0.755
0.718
66
84
53
77
0.691
0.688
0.619
0.547
97
101
123
134
109
94
79
124
0.504
0.500
145
146
187
138
157
187
Medium Human Development
Sri Lanka
China
South Africa
India
Low Human Development
Pakistan
Bangladesh
No. of countries
UNDP HDR 2011: India’s rank fell from 119 in 2010 to 134 in 2011.
Fall only because 18 new (tiny) countries like Antigua, Saint Tome etc. have
been added this time.
India HDR 2011: 21% increase in HDI between
2000 and 2008: Education Index pulled up HDI, but
Health Index constrains
10
30.0
28.5
25.0
Percentage Change in components of HDI
21.5
HDI 20.7
20.0
13.2
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Education
Income
Health
Income index based on consumption; but consumption on average is
lower than income. Increase in HDI is over 30%, when Income Index
is computed from per capita Net Domestic Product
-10
0
Uttarakhand
Jharkhand
Assam
Orissa
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
NE (excl assam)
India
Karnataka
Uttar Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Kerala
Maharashtra
Jammu and…
Gujarat
Himachal Pradesh
Rajasthan
Punjab
Haryana
Goa
Delhi
2. Gap narrowing in HDI across states –– poorer states
growing faster, their health/educ indicators improving
faster – inter-state disparity falling
11
Percentage Change in HDI between 1999-2000 to 2007-8
50
40
30
20
10
3. HD indicators for SCs, STs, OBCs & Muslims : gap
narrowing with national average (though with some imp
exceptions)– move towards social inclusion
12
Indicators
Divergence
Convergence
Per capita consumption expend.
SCs
STs, Muslims
Unemployment rate
SCs, Muslims
STs
Child labour rate
SCs, STs, Muslims
SCs,STs,OBCs,
Muslims
Female malnutrition (Body Mass Index <18.5)
Infant Mortality Rate
SCs, STs, OBCs,
Muslims
Under five mortality rate
SCs, STs, Muslims
Total fertility rate
SC, Muslims
OBCs
Child immunization
STs, Muslims
SCs
Toilet facility
OBCs
SCs, STs
Literacy
SCs, STs, Muslims
Electricity for domestic use
SCs, STs, OBCs
Sachar Committee on Muslims
IHDR 2011 on Muslims
Published in 2006, uses data points till
2004-5
Published in 2011, uses data points till
2011
IMR, U5MR both decreasing ;
DIVERGENCE between national and
Muslim average (1992-93- 1998-99)
IMR, U5MR both decreasing ;
CONVERGENCE between national and
Muslim average (1998-99-2005-6)
Muslim Underweight children worse than Muslim Underweight children better than
national average (1998-99)
national average (2005-6)
Muslim Fertility rate higher than
national average by 0.7 in 1992-93. The
Difference increased to 1 in 1998-99.
Muslim Fertility rate on average higher
than national average by 0.4 in 2005-6, and
CONVERGING
Muslim Literacy rates in rural (6 % points) Muslim Literacy rate CONVERGES with
& urban areas (10 % points) below the
national avg in 2007-8, i.e., gap narrows : rural
national avg in 2001
(3.5 % points) & urban (8.5% points)
1. Gaps narrowing b/w Muslim & national average i.e. improving conditions of Muslims.
2. Muslims are consistently better than SCs & STs for all HD indicators
3. Muslims absolute level still lower compared to national avg (except IMR, U5MR)
13
For most HD input & outcome indicators Muslims have
better indicators than SCs & STs – but absolute levels for
all 3 worse than rest of society
14
Indicators
SC
ST
Muslims
All Groups
Literacy
63.5
60.5
67.6
72
Malnutrition among Women
(BMI<18.5)
41.2
46.6
35.2
33
Underweight Children
47.9
54.5
41.8
39.1
Pucca Housing
38.3
57.9
63.8
66.1
No toilet facility
65
69.1
35.8
49.2
Electricity for domestic use
61.2
66.4
75.2
75
IMR
66.4
62.1
52.4
50
U5MR
88.1
95.7
70
74.3
TFR
2.92
3.12
3.09
2.6
Child Immunization
39.7
5.4
36.3
43.5
Geographical Concentration of SC, ST,
and Muslim Population

Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, M.P, Orissa,
Rajasthan, West Bengal, U.P – account for




56% of SCs
56% of STs
58% of Muslims
These States account for 66% of poor in the
country in 2009-10.
In most indicators SCs and STs in LWE states are not only
performing worse than national average but also worse
than their national counter parts
7 LWE States
SC
BMI<18.5 (Female)
ST
All India
All
SC
ST
All
50.7
59.0
46.2
41.2
46.6
33
101.0
121.0
88.9
88.1
95.7
74.3
No latrine
77.2
84.8
69.6
65
69.1
49.2
Literacy( R )
69.9
63.8
74.3
60.5
58.8
67
Pucca House
54.2
42.0
62.0
57.9
38.3
66.1
Electricity
73.6
57.6
78.2
66.4
61.2
75
U5MR
Naxal states : Bihar, Orissa, AP, MP, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, WB
4. States doing well do it across the board – for all
social groups
17



SCs in Delhi and Kerala have higher literacy rates than the
upper castes in Bihar and Rajasthan
SCs in Tamil Nadu in most health indicators are better than
upper castes in UP
But in central and eastern belt – with concentration of SC and
ST population, for most indicators, latter doing worse than




State average
SC/ST average in India
This highlights importance of good governance and social
mobilization by state governments
Basic service delivery as an area of potential policy
consensus
Structure of the Presentation
18







Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and
Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
Poverty (Tendulkar line): number of Poor and
incidence of Poverty are declining
19
Incidence of Poor
40
Number of Poor in Million
500
37.2
35
30.1
400
406.6
353
Percentage
30
300
25
20
200
15
10
100
5
0
0
2004-5
2009-10
2004-5
2009-10
Source: NSS 2004-5, 2009-10
SC Poverty rate is declining faster than the
national average (URP)
20
60
50
48.3
37
40
30
20
10
27.5
37
SCs
28
20.1
India
0
1993-4
2004-5
2009-10
Rising wages in both rural and urban India
21

Casual wages in both rural and urban areas increased
significantly between 2004-5 and 2009-10 (Rs.)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
365(57% )
232
194(45% )
134
69(41% )
49
2004-5
2009-10
Salary / Regular Wage
2004-5
122 (31% )
93
2009-10
Casual Labour
Rural
Urban
Consistent rise after 2004-5 in monthly per capita
consumption expenditure (Rs)
22
MPCE (URP) at constant prices
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
311
(1.6%)
355
(2.7)
264
175 187
(1.4%)
(0.9%)
159
Rural (base 1987-88)
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
Urban (base 1987-88)
Note: Figures in brackets indicate Compound Annual Growth Rate
Despite achievements, problem areas remain:
23







Employment not growing in industry or services
Nutritional outcomes not improving or no data
Health outcomes improving too slowly
Sanitation is the worst in the world
Education levels extremely low for a emerging
market economy
SC, ST, Muslims have absolute levels of indicators that are
still the worst
These problems concentrated in northern & eastern states
where these communities are concentrated
Employment: Declining Unemployment but…
24




Unemployment (current daily status) declined
from 8.2% in 2004-5 to 6.6% in 2009-10
But only 2.8 mn new jobs – not growing in
manfg and services, falling in agriculture:
Absolute decline in agri emp by 14 mn during
2005-2010
But for the decade, still increase of 7 mn

Structural
transformation
employment??
towards
productive
Employment in industry – Manufacturing & NonManufacturing
25

Manufacturing employment increased only by
6.7 million in the last decade (from 44 million in
1999-2000 to 50 million in 2009-10)

Absolute decline in mfg employment by 5 mn
in the 2nd half of the decade


Approach Paper 12th Plan & National
Manufacturing Policy targeting 100 million by
2022?
27 mn new jobs in non-mfg industry (due to 26
mn in construction) during the last decade (from 21
million in 1999-2000 to 48 million in 2009-10)
Services employment
26

Rise in service employment from 94mn in 19992000 to 112 million in 2004-5, but only to 116
million in 2009-10 (3.5 million increase)

Most of the increase been due to services like
transport, banking & insurance, computer & related
activities, business management & consultancy
services
Despite Increase in share of organised sector
employment (14-18%): Rising informalization
27
Informal Employment in
Organised Sector
Formal empl share in total empl
small & falling (%)
70
100
90
91.2
92.4
57.8
60
92.8
46.6
50
80
70
40
60
50
Formal
40
Informal
37.8
30
20
30
20
10
10
8.8
7.6
0
7.2
0
1999-2000
2004-05
2009-10
1999-2000
2004-05
2009-10
Share of informal employment in organized sector has risen from
around 1/3 in 1999-2000 to just under 2/3 in 2009-10.
Employers in organized sector increasingly hire on contract
Source: NSS emp-unemp rounds
Structure of the Presentation
28







Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
Worst performer in terms of low birth weight

India is the worst performer in
terms of low birth weight
30
Low Birth Weight (In
Percentage)
25
22
21
Nepal
19
22
10
Maldives
15
15
Small mother gives birth to
small children.
22

28
20
2
6
8
5
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Russia
China
0
Brazil
Gender Discrimination through
life cycle
Small Mother
India

Percentage of Underweight Children
Underweight children
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Nepal
Bhutan
Bangladesh
6
China
Afghanistan
4
Brazil
14
23
31
33
39
41
43
Inadequate access to
food+ Lack of education
of mother + Poor
Sanitation + Unsafe
Drinking Water
•
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Under Five Underweight Children
(WHO Reference Population) (In
Percentage)
India
India has the highest
underweight children
among the BRIC and
SAARC Countries
•
Percentage of Women with BMI<18.5
Among the industrial
states, Gujarat has a
very high incidence of
malnutrition among SC
and ST women
•
Gujarat fares the worst
in terms of overall
hunger
and
malnutrition
•
MALNUTRITION: Percentage of adult women with Body Mass
Index<18.5 for SC, ST, & Muslims worse than & not improving
compared to national average (“important exception”)
32
1/3rd Indian women
underweight
•
50
45
SCs and STs diverge from
the national average
•
•
Worsening of adult female
malnutrition for Muslim
•
40
Percentage of Women with
BMI<18.5
46.6
46.3
41.2
41.1
35.8
35.2
35
34.1
30
33
25
1998-9
India
Muslims
2005-6
SC
Source: NFHS- 2and 3
ST
Policies to Address Nutritional Problems
1. Near universalization of ICDS Programme
33
1000
Increase in Number of
Beneficiaries (in lakhs)
•
But focus should shift to
children below three years,
pregnant
women,
and
adolescent girls - ICDS 35
years old – but without this
focus still
•
Withdrawal of hot-cooked
meals in UP, Karn, Guj – in
violation of Supreme Court
751
500
377
75
167
0
2004
Children
2010
Pregnant & Lactating Mothers
•Reform PDS – but progress
remains slow on
•National Food Security Bill
•No “Ministry of Nutrition” – so
PM’s Nutrition Council in need of
revival
Structure of the Presentation
34







Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
HEALTH: Infant mortality rate - Gap of SCs, STs
& Muslims with national average narrowing
35


From 80 /1000 IMR in
1990, IMR down to 50
in 2009. But still far
behind MDG target
26.7 by 2015 – health
index improved slowly
Lower IMR
Lower TFR
90
80
70
84.2
83
67.6
60
I 50
M
40
R
30
58.8
66.4
62.1
57
52.4
All India
SCs
STs
Muslims
20
10
0
1998-9
2005-6
Source: NFHS 2 & 3
Replacement level of Total Fertility Rate reached
36


9 major states achieved
the replacement level of
TFR (2.1) - states with
functional PHCs
Unless public health
system improves, the
population growth rate
can not be reduced
Source:RGI 2011
States
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Punjab
West Bengal
Himachal Pradesh
Delhi
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Jammu & Kashmir
Orissa
Gujarat
Haryana
Assam
All India*
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
TFR 1995-7
1.8
2.1
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.5
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
2.7
4.5
TFR 2008
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2
2
2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.9
Total fertility rate
37

India could achieve replacement rate TFR 2.1
by 2015 – but “unmet need” for contraception
over 30% in 4 States – NRHM must focus
attention

Migration out of UP, Bihar, MP, Raj will rise
Total Fertility Rate: Narrowing gaps in case of SCs
& Muslims
38

Maximum fall in fertility rate experienced by Muslims along
with a sharp increase in Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
4
3.5
3.59
3.09
3.15
3
T
F
R
2.5
2.92
2.85
2.68
2
1.5
All India
SCs
Muslims
1
0.5
0
Source: NFHS 2 & 3
1998-9
2005-6
Rise in institutional deliveries leads to lower
Maternal Mortality Rate
39



Rise in institutional deliveries
(from 39% to 78%, 2005-9)
post NRHM & JSY resulted in
decline of MMR – fall of 89
points in 6 years
But to achieve 11th Plan target
of MMR of 100 by 2012, a
further reduction of 28 per
100,000 per year is needed
Highest MMR in poorer states
with lowest levels of
institutional delivery – need
more rural doctors/para medics
needed in 8 EAG NRHM
states
MMR
350
301
300
254
250
212
200
150
100
50
0
2001-3
2004-6
2007-9
Source: RGI 2011
Highest MMR in poorer states with lowest levels of
institutional delivery – need for ASHA, ANM, AWW to
focus on these states within NRHM
40
400
359
350
300
318
261
269
250
258
212
Institutional
Delivery
200
150
81
100
97
MMR
50
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
All India
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Orissa
Madhya Pradesh
Bihar
0
Source: NFHS 3 (2006) & RGI 2011 (MMR-2008)
Replicate best practice in high focus States of other
States to attract health providers to rural areas
41
Rural recruitment

TN: introduced reservation policy in higher educ. Consequently,
cadre of doctors from small towns willing to work in PHCs in
villages at commuting distance



Because 15% of seats for medicine courses reserved for rural
schools. Increases retention of medical officers (with rural
background) in rural areas since there will be no resistance .
Also doctors recruited on zonal basis
Chhattisgarh: 3 yr degree in Rural Health Care in – called Rural
Medical Assistant to eliminate vacancies for medical officers; Miny
of Health support for each State to replicate
& enable drug procurement
42

Essential drugs at affordable prices in public health
system

To strengthen logistics management sys of healthcare,
TN Medical Services Corporation established in
Jan’95.

Apex body for purchase and distribution of generic
essential drugs for govt medical centres
Open defaecation in India – worst in world
43

Nutritional/health
outcomes cannot improve
if OD continues
% hhs with access to sanitation
facility
60
51


58% of all persons in the
world defecating in open,
live in India
Improvement in
households with access to
sanitation facilities from 40
% in 2002 to 51 % in
2008-9
50
40
40
30
20
10
0
2002
2008-9
Source: NSS 2002, 2008-9
Poor sanitation concern for rural areas, but
consequences equally serious in urban
44
85
85
88
88
MP
MP
Orissa
Orissa
82
82
79
79
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
84
84
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
82
82
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
65
65
80
80
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
% of rural hhs with no toilet
% of rural hhs with no toilet
Bihar
Bihar
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
Toilet availability in urban India, but density of population in
India 10 times greater than Africa, hence in urban areas open
defaecation spreads infection faster
All India
All India

Source: NSS 2002, 2008-9
But toilets built under Total Sanitation Campaign
put to other uses – TSC redesign needed
45



In villages winning Nirmal Gram Puraskar (“Open
Defaecation Free”), toilets often used for storing,
bathing & washing purposes
Design problem with TSC: Rather than subsidy for
construction of toilets, need for creating effective
demand for sanitation through community participation
– e.g. HP & Haryana
A complete redesign of MORD’s Total Sanitation
Campaign is needeed
Lessons from Himachal Pradesh
46
HP


Adopted a participatory innovative approach called Community Led
Total Sanitation (CLTS) for creating effective & sustainable demand
for sanitation under TSC

It engages people in analysis of their existing sanitation situation
through triggering exercises leading to collective local action to
clean up & sanitize surroundings to put end to OD & adopting safe
solid & liquid waste mgt practices

CLTS training involved triggering initially (2006) some 200 villages
with arnd 50 natural leaders from grass root levels
Lessons from Haryana
47

Haryana

Again CLTS approach followed by empowering local
communities to end OD & build toilets without any external
subsidies.

District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) works on
capacity building & identifies village motivators assigned 300
hhs to encourage proper sanitation & hygienic practices.

Targeted women to inform about TSC & families about low
cost options for building toilets.
Structure of the Presentation
48







Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
EDUCATION drove up HDI – BUT Low Mean Years of
Schooling - a major challenge for inclusive growth
49

Adult (15 Yrs and above) mean years of schooling in 2010 were 5.12
(India), 8.17 (China), 6.24 (Indonesia).
Note: for 7 years and above
Source: NSS 1999-2000 , 2007-8 & 2009-10
Fulfillment of provisions of RTE Act, 2009 remains major
challenge – Implementation of RTE in Bihar & UP require
50% of total finances (additional from 1.5 lac cr) needed
for
the country
50
Indicator
Norm as per RTE
Reality (2007-8)
Act, 2009
Pupil – Teacher ratio
30
(at primary level)
Number
classroom
47 (U.P – 76, Bihar – 68)
of One classroom for one 9% of schools were one
class in all schools
classroom schools
Girls’ Toilet
School building should
Half of the schools did not
have
separate
toilet
have separate toilets for
facilities for boys and
girls
girls
Drinking Water
School building should
87 per cent schools have
have safe drinking water
drinking water facility
facility
Policy: “Low-hanging fruit” type actions
51

Pre-primary school education training for AWWs
neglected ; but funds allocated in 11th Plan Rs. 2000 cr for
MHRD, but not utilized




Without PSE, children unprepared for school, as they are children
of functionally illiterate parents
Children also unprepared because of malnutrition
PSE can improve learning outcomes for children in earliest yrs
High teacher absenteeism (25%) – one of worst in
developing world – SSA fund release shd be conditional
upon teacher absenteeism improving

School Management Committee should be responsible for
 Leave granting
 Salary releasing
Addressing poor learning outcomes of children
needs better Subject Content Knowledge of
Teachers
52 •
•
•
•
Well trained teachers do not go to rural areas – DIETs, BRCs, CRCs in
poor shape
Poor learning ability: 47% in grade V students could not read grade II
text (ASER 2010)
Expand Online teacher training system
•
Block HQ already have 256 kbps optical fibre – start using this
network today
• Village level whole country coverage coming: 3G coming with
optical fibre network, OR within 2 yrs National Optical Fibre
Network operational
Use of Technology
• lectures broadcast in multiple languages in classrooms
• local teachers interact with expert teachers and play local coordinator
role
• Adult Literacy – Total Literacy Campaign
Towards Adult Literacy – Technology-based
solution for 26% Illiterates of India
53

Poor & illiterate people need to learn 500 words for
daily functional needs

Writing often discourages adult learners, and so focus
on functional literacy:





reading through graphic recognition of 500 words
sound pattern
inferential feeling & sensation
Programme launched in year 2000 and has 250 active
centres
1,20,000 people became literate through this
programme – universalization needed
Structure of the Presentation
54








Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
Vulnerable Groups
Housing: 2/3 Indians now reside in pucca
houses
55


2/3 Indians now reside in
pucca houses compared to
less than 50% in 2002
Large inter state variations
in housing conditions
 Around 95 % hhs
reside in pucca houses
in Delhi & Haryana
compared to around
40% in Chhattisgarh &
Orissa
% hhs residing in pucca houses
66.1
70
60
50
47.4
40
30
20
10
0
2002
2008-9
Steep rise in hhs with access to electricity
56



Rise from 64 % to 75 %
in percentage of hhs
with electricity for
domestic use b/w 2002 –
2008-9
But Large inter state
variations
HP 98 % is the best
State, while Bihar 31 %
has lowest proportion in
India
% hhs with access to electricity
75
76
74
72
70
68
66
64
64
62
60
58
2002
2008-9
Rural-Urban convergence in hhs with access
to elec
57

Still about 1/3 rural
households do not have
access to electricity for
domestic use in 2008-9.
% hhs with access to
electricity
120
100
92
80

China had ensured 94 per
cent of rural households had
electricity by 1991 through
off grid distribution
60
96
66
Rural
Urban
53
40
20
0
2002
2008-9
SCs & STs converging with national avg for
hhs with electricity for domestic use
58
80
70
75
66
64
60
% of
50
households
with electricity 40
for domestic
30
use
61
52
All India
SC
ST
47
20
10
0
2002
2008-9
Structure of the Presentation
59








Conceptual Framework
Human Development Index
Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty
The Right to Food and Nutrition
Health and Demography
Education: Achievements and Challenges
Supporting Human Development: Housing,
Electricity, Telephone, and Roads
Vulnerable Groups
Disabled
60

18-03-2016
Magnitude
 Official estimates of disability in India is around 2
percent

Estimates using more inclusive definitions suggest a
higher incidence of disability (of at least 5-8 percent)

Number of disabled persons increased from nearly 12
million in 1981 to 18.49 million in 2002 (Latest Data)
Ch. 8 of NHDR - Vulnerable Groups
Scanty Opportunities for Disabled
61


Education
 Only 45 % Literacy rate
 High share of out of school disabled children
 About 9 per cent of disabled completed ‘Secondary and
above’ level of education
Employment
 Only 26 % of the disabled persons were employed



15 % Self-employed
8 % Casual Worker
3 % Regular Job
Only 10 % of the disabled females are having jobs
 55 % lost their work due to onset of disability

18-03-2016
Ch. 8 of NHDR - Vulnerable Groups
Requirements for Disabled
62

Lack of trained
manpower



Mismatch between Estimated Demand and Supply of
Personnel in the Area of Disability
Major constraint
in expanding the
rehabilitation
services
Very few Training
Institutes
Huge Demand Supply gap of
trained personnel
Source: IAMR 2009
18-03-2016
Ch. 8 of NHDR - Vulnerable Groups
Window of Opportunity
63
Share of Elderly in Total Population
12.5
10.7
9.2
6.7
1991





7.45
2001
Projected
2016
2021
2026
Youngest population (with the median age of less than 24 in
2000) – Demographic Dividend:
Compared to 38 for Europe, 41 for Japan and 30 for China
Declining ‘Dependency Ratio’
But, Second Largest aged Population of the World
Rapidly increasing share of Elderly
18-03-2016
Ringing alarm
64




18-03-2016
Increasing ‘Old Age Dependency Ratio’
 In 1991 – 12.19%
 In 2001 – 13.08%
 Higher for female
Decreasing Work participation of Elderly
Demographic Dividend will be open till 2035
 Dependency Ratio will start increasing again
 Proportion of the middle age group will also decline
Only one in ten worker is covered for pension
Looking ahead for Vulnerable Groups
65

For Disabled




Low opportunities of Education and Employment for disabled
Serious limitations like low coverage, lack of funds, lack of awareness
programmes, non-cooperation of local authorities, loopholes in the system
of selection and certification of beneficiaries, need to be removed
Services confined only to urban areas, and should penetrate rural areas as
well
Policy Issues



18-03-2016
Equal opportunities for better education and employment need to be
provided
Services need to be strengthened
Need to expand services to rural areas
Ch. 8 of NHDR - Vulnerable Groups
Looking ahead for Vulnerable Groups
66


For Elderly
 Decreasing work participation of Elderly
 Demographic Dividend will be open till 2035
 Only on in ten worker is covered under pension
scheme
Policy Issues
 Coverage of insurance need to be widened
 Subsidies and transfer of public money should be
increased
18-03-2016
Ch. 8 of NHDR - Vulnerable Groups
India’s Human Development Report 2011 : Main
Messages
67

India’s Human Development Index registers impressive
gains in last decade

Developed states continue to perform while backward
states performed better – inter-state inequality in HDI
declining over time

SC, ST & Muslim communities show promising
improvements on social parameters & convergence
with national avg – a move towards social inclusion

Consumption & wages rise b/w 2004-5 & 2009-10
India’s Human Development Report 2011 : Main
Messages
68

2/3 hhs reside in pucca houses & 3/4 hhs have
access to electricity for domestic use today

Despite Right to Education Act, school
education faces challenges of quality &
employability

Despite improvements, health/ nutrition /
sanitation challenges are most serious