U.S. Monster Review
Terms Specific to each President& Era
Economy
(Federalist)
Business
Interpretation of Const.
(Dem. Rep. were strict to protect
Themselves from Feds. Who controlled gov) loose
Supporters
National Bank
Representative
(Democratic-Rep.)
Agriculture
Strict
(Jefferson is not so strict once he becomes Pres. Ex:
Louisiana Purchase) merchants , clergy, lawyers farmers, workers
YES
Elite
NO
Common Man
Democracy
(who would vote)
Supremacy
French Revolution
National government sided with British
State government
Sided with French
-XYZ AffairFrench Diplomats refused to negotiate with US Diplomats until US paid bribes to XYZ
cause Quasi War -2 year undeclared war with France
-Convention of 1800ends Q war
-Alien & Sedition Actsto keep aliens from supporting Republicans—to keep republicans from saying anything bad about Feds.
-VA & Kentucky Resolutions-( response to
Alien/Sed Acts)
Nullificationfed. Gov. passed law that was unconstitutional states could declare law invalid
-Midnight Judgesbefore he left office, Q. Adams appointed all Federalist judges to Supreme Court since Jefferson was a Dem. Republican
Election of 1800-
close, tie in House—Jeff. Said
-cabinetadvisors to Washington—headed different
Executive Departments
-Jefferson-Secretary of State
-Hamilton-Secretary of Treasury
-Hamilton v Jefferson- (see chart)
-Washington tended to side with Hamilton because his goal was to keep US thriving & business did this
-National Bank-
Hamilton’s idea to keep people’s and government’s money—could loan money out and make money off of it
-Whiskey Rebelliontax put whiskey—angered W. farmers and those who bought Whiskey
-Fed. Gov. sent in troops & put down revolt
-Introduction of tariffs
-Tariff of 1789-raise US $ by taxing imports & shippers—angered & hurt S.
-Treaty of Greenville-w/ Native Americans—gave US
Ohio & Indiana Territory
-Neutrality in British & French conflictwe keep trading with both countries
-gets us involved b/c Britain and France are attacking our ships
--
Jay’s Treatyw/ Britain—would still attack
US ships going to France but would trade with
US
Pinckney’s Treatyw/ Spain—US could use
Mississippi R.
-Farewell Address3 warnings
NO foreign ties
-NO political parties
-avoid sectionalism
-NO Sectionalism
ImpressmentBritain kidnapped US and made them serve on
If elected would not fire federalists in power—or get their ships
Rid of Hamilton’s financial plan
-Bloodless RevolutionFederalists respected people’s
resulted in Embargo 1807gov. ban on trade w/ other countries
Right to elect Pres.
-Election of 1800 demonstrated power could be peacefully transferred between pol. Parties
-hurt US and removed ban except for Britain/
France
-
Louisiana PurchaseJefferson takes advantage of getting more
Land to add to US (shows how his strict interpretation had become looser)
-US doubled & gained control of Mississippi
-Lewis & Clarktrace Missouri R and find route to Pacific
“Corps of Discovery”—traced Columbia R. to Pacific
-Marshall CourtChief Justice who made S.C. very powerful
& independent branch of government
-Marbury v MadisonJudicial Review
1

Impressment & seizing ships
-trying to avoid War
Macon’s Bill #2whoever stops take ships first, we will start
Trading with again
-France stops first
-British economy was hurting b/c US not buying stuff
-because of Britain not stopping seizing ships—Congress declares war
War 1812
-US & GB
Warhawkswanted war (Henry Clay, JC Calhoun)
Hartford ConventionFederalists opposed war met in New England
-talk about secession
-called for Amendments to increase region’s political power
-beginnings of the end for the Federalist party
Francis Scott Key“Star Spangled Banner”
Battle of New Orleansmade Andrew Jackson a hero
-fought after treaty is signed
Treaty of Ghentended War 1812—nothing changed hands, everything stayed same as was b/4 war
Era of Good Feelingstime of harmony in politics
only 1 major political party had power-Republicans
-Federalists lost power b/c of public’s disapproval of
Hartford Convention
Adam’s Onis Treaty-
Spain gave all of Florida to US
Monroe Doctrineprevented other nations from interfering in Latin
America
-stopped foreign alliances for awhile—following
Washington’s orders
Missouri Compromisekeep slave and free states balances
Missouri slave state Maine free state
-36’30 parallel—anything N is free, S is slave
Clay’s American Systemimprove US
-National Bank
-protective tariffs
-internal improvements
-Election of 1824
Favorite Sons
W. Crawford-South
H. Clay-West
-
JQ Adams-N
A Jackson-West outcome: Jackson won popular
No candidate won in electoral college
Goes to House and Adams wins
Corrupt Bargainaccusations that Adams made deal with
Clay that if he (as speaker of house) swayed votes, Clay could be Adams Secretary of State
Tariff of Abominationshurt S and South Carolina and they threatened to succeed
-won election of 1828 against Q Adams
Spoils System
-appointed people who were loyal to Jackson to gov. jobs
Nullification & Succession threat
-SC threatens to succeed over Tariff of Abominations
-Jackson’s VP JC Calhoun suggests Nullification-
-made Jackson mad but after some heat, situation diffused
Indian Removal Actprovided $ to relocate Native Americans
Worchester v GeorgiaCherokee of Georgia refused
To go
-ruled to honor their property rights
Trail of TearsIndian journey west
National Bankthought bank was a monopoly, abused power-HATED IT
-vetoed the new charter for the bank & too out all gov. funds
-“
Pet banks”state banks that he favored—put gov. funds here
Mayesville Road
White Male Suffrageall white males gained right to vote-- property ownership was eliminated a qualification to vote
Texas War for Independence
AlamoTexans held off Santa Anna for 15 days and it was during this time that they declared themselves independent from Mexico
-Jackson refused to make it a state because he did not want to increase tensions b/t N &S
-Jackson signed a resolution stating Texas was independent
-Panic of 1837crippling econ. Crisis that was a shadow over his presidency—caused because of Jackson’s bank decisions
--newly formed Whig party gains strength
2

-war hero –1 st
Whig President
-1 st
pres. To die in office--dies after 1 month
-1 st VP to succeed President
-Webster-Ashburton Treaty- formal line between US and Canada
Cali becomes state
-nation is fighting over whether it should be slave or free
-Expansionist— promised to annex Texas & Oregon & buy California
-Manifest Destiny(see chart)
-“54’40 or fight”
Polk supporters cry referring to wanting all of Oregon as part of US
Texas Annexationreally pushed through by Tyler b/4 leaving office but Polk dealt with results
Rio Grade v. Neuces River Boarder –
-where would the boarder be with Mexico? US wanted Rio Grande(would give us more territory)
California
-
Polk wanted Cali. But this was Mexico’s
Mexican-American War
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-US gained Cali, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, prts Col. & Wyoming
(
-
Mexican Cession)
-SHOULD THESE NEW LANDS ALLOW SLAVERY?
Wilmont Proviso-
49ersgold miners running to Cali. any territory that US gained from Mexico should not be slave states
-obviously made S made—this Proviso divided country
Popular Sovereigntyleave it up to the states was the counter argument
-Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay
grouped into 2’s to offer concessions to both N& S
-Cali is free
-Utah and New Mexico-Pop Sov to determine
-slave trade but not slavery itself abolished in DC
-federal enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act
-Gadsden Purchase-
-gave southern part of
Arizona and New Mexico to US
Kansas-Nebraska Actmade open for settlement
Bleeding Kansasfreesoilers and pro slavery settlers rushed to Kansas to be majority-antislavery settlers attacked
States’ Rights
Debate over slaverypro v anti

should slavery expand to new territories?
NullificationTariff laws slavery issues-S threatens to nullify
Any anti slavery laws
Sectionalismissues are very regional

split N & S
-industrial N agricultural S
Compromise 1820drew line to determine future areas of slavery
Compromise 1850-Wilmont ProvisoCali is free state—stricter Fugitive Slave Act
Underground RRnetwork of abolitionists who helped slaves escape
Fugitive Slave Lawallowed slave catchers to go into free areas and capture runaways
-made crime to help any runaway
-angered abolitionists
3
Uncle Tom’s Cabinbook depicting evils of slavery
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Kansas Nebraska Actpopular Sovereignty
Leads to Bleeding Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner in Senate-antislavery
Brooks-pro slavery
Dred Scott v Sanfordblacks not citizens
Can’t ban slavery
Missouri Compromise is illegal
Republican Partyanti slavery Whigs and Free-soilers formed new antislavery party
-official policy was to oppose growth and spread of slavery
Lincoln Douglas Debatesdebate over slavery issues
Freeport Doctrine -refuse to pass laws to enforce slavery—to keep slavery out
John Brown’s Raidextreme abolitionist
-
Harper’s Ferryarm slaves attempt
-S thought Brown represented N who wanted control of S lifestyle
Lincoln Electioncause SC secession
-promises to stop slavery spread but not end it in S
Secession
-Confederate States of America-Jefferson Davis

Mormons
-founded by Joseph Smith
Brigham Youngled group to
Utah in 1847
-theory that US should expand west
Texas
Stephen Austinleads settles
-Mexico tries to regain control of Texas
-
-Mexico fears plot by US to claim Texas
Texan War for Independence-
Alamo
-
1836 becomes “ Lonestar Republic”
-Sam Houston is president of Texas
Western Lands
-Indian conflicts
Removal Act
Broken treaties
Oregon TrailDonner Party
Way wagons could travel west
“54-40 or Fight”
Texas finally annexed in 1845
-boarder dispute arises with
Mexico
Zachary Taylor
Mexican CessionCalifornia,
Nevada, NM, Arizona, Utah,
Colorado, Wyoming
Additional Area
-California Gold Rush
-gold found at Sutter’s Mill
-led to Cali statehood
Societal Change
2 nd Great Awakening
-period of religious revival after 1800
Charles Finneytent meeting revival
Utopian Communities
-communal societies based on everyone working together ( Brook Farm)
-one room schools
-few educated beyond 10 years old
Horace Mannadvocated public education for everyone
Noah Websterdevelopment of
American dictionary
-Dorthea Dixhelp for the mentally ill
-helped start several mental hospitals
Prison reformmeant to rehabilitate or help people fix their lives
Transcendentalism
-belief in a simple lifestyle
Walt Whitman-
“leaves of grass”
Ralph Waldo Emerson-
“selfreliance”
Henry David Thoreau
“Civil Disobedience”
Rural slavery
Plantations, field work, house work
Urban slavery
Skilled labor, more freedoms
Those opposing slavery
William Lloyd Garrison-
“the Liberator”
David Walkerfreedom by force
Frederick Douglas“North Star”
-emancipation
-gradual
-immediate
-religious reasons, morally wrong to have slaves, values of Constitution
Rebellion
Nat Turnerled slave revolt—scared many slave holders
-led to greater control of slaves
Romanticism
James Fenimore Cooper-
“Last of Mohicans”
Nathanial Hawthorne-
“Scarlet Letter”
Washington Irving - “Sleepy Hollow”
Herman Melville-
“Moby Dick”
Edgar Allen Poe“Raven”
Emily Dickinsonpoet
Alex Tocqueville-
“Democracy in America”
Hudson River School landscape painters of NY
Transcendentalism
Ralph W Emerson
HD Thoreau
PAINT AND WRITE ABOUT AMERICAN THINGS
-new fear of revolts
black codesbegin
-believed Bible backed up having slavery
-“happy” plantation myth
4

cult of domesticity
-husband, children, home, church
-could not vote
-could not own property, make $ if married
-Seneca Falls Conventionwomen’s rights convention
Catherine Beecher -Oberlan College
Elizabeth Blackwellhealth reform
Suffrage & Abolitionism
Grimke sisters
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B Anthony
Sojouner Truthex slave “Ain’t I a woman?”
Temperance -move to ban alcohol
-by mid 1800’s people were no longer totally self-sufficient
buy products from others
-standard of living rose
Robert Fultonsteam powered ships
Many canals built after Erie Canal
Railroad growth
Charles Goodyear
Vulcanized rubber
-IM Singer
Agriculture Inventions
John Deeresteel plows
Cyrus McCormick
Sewing machines
Samuel Morse
Telegraph
Morse code mechanical reaper
Thomas Edisoslights
-secession of 1
SC st 7 Confederate states
Mississippi
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Texas
Florida
Lots of immigrants
Mostly Irish and German
Most settled in groups
Low wages of immigrants caused problems with other workers— Nativism
Know-Nothing Party
development of industry
Industrial Revolution
Decline of skilled labor
Growth of urban areas
Lowell Textile Millsfactory system
Strict control over factory workers lives
Long working hours
Child labor
Poor ventilation/lighting
Unsafe conditions
-development of labor unions and strikes
Thomas Edisoslights
Election of 1860cause secession
Suspended Writ of Habeas Corpusdo not need court order to put person in jail
-used to stop dissent in states
CopperheadsNorthern Democrats who wanted peace with South
Civil WarN v S
Assassinated
5 days after Lee surrenders to Grant
John Wilkes Booth
Sic Semper Tyrannis
“thus it ever to tyrants”
5

becomes President after Lincoln is assassinated
ReconstructionHow are we going to put S back together
Lincoln Planpreserve Union, forgive Confederates (amnesty)
-10% of state must take oath of allegiance to Union b/4 can become a state
Radical Plan
Thaddeus Stevens, Sumner
-Wade Davis BillCongress be in charge of reconstruction
-harsher plan than Lincoln’s
-majority of state must take oath of allegiance
Reconstruction Act 1867can override Pres. , military rule of S, protect former slaves, former Confederate leaders banned from office
-
Freedman’s Bureauset up to help slaves get jobs, provide clothing, shelter
-Congress passes 13 th
15 th all male suffrage
, 14 th Amendments—slaves free, citizenship
IN the South
Black Codesblack denied rights, grandfather clause, poll tax
New Government in South
Carpetbaggersthose who moved from North to help ex slaves and teach
Scalawagsthose who took advantage of S—were there to make $
Johnson is Impeached
Johnson fights with Radicals
-violates Tenure of Office Act 1867fires cabinet member who sides with Radicals
-is impeached but is acquitted & finishes out term
-Union General from Civil War
15 th Amendment -male suffrage
-black voting
Scandals
-Whiskey Ring-
Grant’s dishonest friends who would advice him
Credit Mobilier- construction company working on the RR had taken government profits—one of these was Grant’s Vice President
-these scandals shadowed Grant’s presidency
-REPUBLICAN
ran against Democrat
Votes close but Tilden won popular vote but lost electoral college (1 st time in history)
Compromise of 1877deal is made that Hayes can be president if military is removed from S
-Republicans agree and Hayes remove troops from S
END OF RECONSTRUCTION!!!
South
-Homerule -ability to run state gov without fed gov help
-result is discrimination— black codes stricter
-KKK
-Jim Crow Era
segregation, Poll Tax, Grandfather Clause
Plessy v Fergusonseparate but equal
New South
from cotton to INDUSTRY
-Sharecropping replaces slavery
6
-power of federal gov is supreme
-income tax first used
-citizens drafted into serviceConscription
civil liberties suppressed
Economic Changes
-growth of war related industry
-N industry grew stronger
-S economy is destroyed
-must be rebuiltReconstruction
Costs of War
-deaths
-U-360,000
-C-260,000
-1/2 mill wounded
-$20 billion
Warfare Changes
-new weapons
-rifles
-mini ball
-grenades
-submarine
-iron clad ships
War begins at Fort Sumter-1861
-
Monitor
-Merrimack
Antietam-bloodiest single day of war
-victory that leads to
Emancipation
Proclamationfreed slaves
Still in rebellion (made war
About slavery)
-Gettysburg is turning pt. war
-Sherman’s March-total war
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court
House April 1865
U-Anaconda Plan
C-attack and invade N
Lives Change
-13 th Amendment-bans slavery
--urban pop grow
Many move west
-many families destroyed by soldier deaths

American Interests
Homestead Act 1862gave 160 acres to any
person who would cultivate it for 5 years— helped settle W
Transcontinental RR-
Herds massacre of buffalo
-brought Chinese & Irish immigrants to help build
-treaties with Indians were broken
-forced onto reservations
-uprising
Sand Creek Massacre
-Little Big Horn-
Custer’s last stand
Assimilation of Native Americans
-
“Americanize”be more like whites
-Dawes Actgave 160 acres
Wounded Kneemassacre of several hundred Sioux
-Indian era comes to end
“Century of Dishonor” Helen Hunt Jackson
book written about Indians and injustice done to them
open range
ended because of invention of barbed wire
-Boom Towns
miners would rush in
-once gold depleted,
-Dime Novels-
Ghost Towns told tales of W
Farming Inventions
deeper wells
-steel plow
Morrill Land Grant-
-gave fed money to help finance agricultural colleges
-farming declines
-rise of industry
-urbanization
-end of open range
-great debts
-RR rates and charges
Farmer’s Problems
weather-drought
-falling prices
-increasing debt
Free Silver Crusade
-nation enters recession in 1893
-many want silver and gold standard for currency
-would create larger money supply
Grange
-dependent upon RR’s that
Were charging too much
-need for cheaper $ (inflation, deflation)
Greenbacks -issued based on silver and gold reserves
“Raise less corn and more hell…”
~Mary Elizabeth Lease
set up to stop RR abuses
Interstate Commerce Actgov. regulates RR
-pushed for currency reform
Populistspolitical party
took place of Grange
-strong support in Midwest
-wanted reform
-direct election senators
-
-8 hour workday
-silver standard
-secret ballots immigration control
End of Populism
-1896 election
-WJBryan & McKinnley
-
“Cross of Gold” speech
-Bryan stands for silver standard
-McKinley is elected—ends populism
-Garfield shot after 1 year in office Hayes & Arthur want reform in patronage (spoils system)
Stalwart-
Elected) person who was a political boss and appointed people to gov positions (used patronage to get themselves
Halfbreedname given to the Republican reformers who wanted to change the patronage system
Pendleton Act
-Jackson started the Spoils system
-reformers at the end of the 1800’s wanted this to change
-thought corrupt
Civil Servicehire those who are qualified to do gov. jobs
-ppl. Had to take examination
7

Working conditions
sweatshops
-low wages
-long hours
-dangerous
-child labor
-mostly assembly line work
-unskilled labor
-US is world’s leading producer of goods:
-unlimited labor force
-abundant coal supply
-iron mining
-discovery of oil in USEdwin Drake
RR development
-high tariffs protected US business—ppl bought US stuff
-laissez-faire economics
-immigration supplied labor
Railroads
-“iron horse”
-better transportation of consumer goods
-Transcontinental RR
-standard of time—time zones
-created towns throughout country
-landgrants-RR gave land to people to make money so RR could be built
-
-
RR Scandals
Credit Mobilier stock fraud
-strikesPullman strike
late 1800’s saw explosion of inventions and innovation
Bessemer ProcessSTEEL!! (refined iron into steel)
TelephoneAlexander Graham Bell
Light BulbThomas Edison
Electric Power
Typewriter
Retail Stores canned food photography
John D Rockefeller-Standard Oil
CarnegieSTEEL
JP Morganbanking
C VanderbiltRailroads
James B Dukeelectrical power
George Westinghouseinvented airbreaks for RR
-corporations develop
-public investment in corporations
-mass market selling
Disadvantages:
-corruption, bribery, monopolies, destroy labor union movements
Public Reaction:
Social Darwinismsurvival of fittest
-
-best businesses survive
Gospel of Wealth
-Horatio Alger
-rags to riches novels
-inspired people
Monopolybusiness controls supply of product
-no competition—prices high
Trustseveral businesses act as one
Standard Oil
Mergerbusinesses combine
Holding Companybusinesses that controls other businesses as parent company
Horizontal Integrationmonopoly that controls all of SAME type of business
EX: Oil
Vertical Integrationmonopoly that controls all businesses related to primary business
EX: Meat industry—own cattle, slaughterhouse, RR cars, packing plants, delivery wagons
-people who made extreme profits by having monopolies or
EX: Carnegie, Jay Gould (RR owner who practiced insider trading)
-public begins to call for regulation
Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890weak but set up precedent for getting rid of trusts and monopolies—gov. involvement
Clayton Anti Trust Act 1914strenthens Sherman Anti Trust Act
--tried to improve conditions for workers
-used Strikes
-Collective Bargaining
-Arbitration
owners countered with:
Blacklists
-lockouts Yellow Dog Contract
-American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers)
only allowed skilled labor to join
-made strikes good weapons for unions
Eugene v Debbs
united RR workers
Pullman Coach Strike
gov. steps in Debbs is jailed
-Debbs leaves prison as Socialist
Haymarket Square Riot
Chicago Strike—bomb thrown at protestors
several union leaders convicted/executed
led to decrease in union activity
Triangle Shirtwaist fireled to gov. regulations such as open fire exits
8

more immigrants coming from
Eastern Europe, Asia, Hispanic immigration
Ellis Isle— Europeans
Angel IsleAsians
Chinese exclusion Act
-many immigrants settled in cities
Tenement houses
-rising crime rates
-few city services
-no sewer
-no sanitation
-fires
-
Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives”
-Jane Addams---Hull House, Chicago
-serves 2 nonconsecutive terms
Mugwumps -Cleveland supporters who supported reform issues such as patronage
HawaiiQueen is removed from throne
-Cleveland strongly opposed imperialism but Hawaiian leaders would not leave the island
-US wanted naval base at Pearl
Alaska -1867
-purchased from Russia
Hawaii 1898
Philippines
become independent after
WWII
Puerto Ricobecome territory of US
-people become US citizens in 1917
Guam
-many people saw gov jobs as way to get wealthy
-graft, kickbacks, fraud
-leads to political machinesparty comes to dominate area
-offers rewards for voting for that person—helped many poor
-political machine boss controlled many jobs, services
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall
-exposed by political cartoonist Thomas Nast
-immigrants kept political machines in power by voting for them
Imperialism, Imperialism, Imperialism
economic and political domination of a stronger nation over a weaker one
-why did we imperialize????
-DESIRE FOR NEW MARKETS
-opened the door for us to trade with China
Spheres of Influenceforeign nation controls economic dev. there
Open Door Policyall countries should be able to trade w/ China
-FEELING OF SUPERIORITY
Alfred T Mahan-
“Influence of Sea Power on History”—need for strong navy
Spanish American War
Spanish rule Cuba
White Man’s Burden
-rule very harshly
Yellow Journalismexaggerated stories written by newspapers in order to
Attract readers
W Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
newspapers were publishing this info about Spain in Cuba
-US sends USS Maine to observe—BLOWN UP!!
-
-
George Dewey
captures Philippines
Teddy Roosevelt & Rough Riders-
Jingoism-
-Treaty of Paris-1898 ends war
Cuba extreme nationalism
Puerto Rico is part of US
US buys Philippines
Platt AmendmentUS gets certain economic interests in Cuba—US sort of controls Cuba
Boxer RebellionPilipino people rebel against US presence there
Open Door Policykeep trade open with CHINA
Spheres of Influenceone country has significant impact of development of another country
Ex: Cuba and US
9

Panama Canal-
-US wants a shortcut through S America
militaristic
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
-US will be only nation who intervenes in Latin America
Big Stickmore bully-like
Great White Fleet
Bull Moose Party-
Roosevelt’s progressive party when he decides to run for 3 rd term
Gifford Pinchot -appointed as Head of Forest Service
-Roosevelt put millions of acres of land under federal protection
-Skyscrapers
-elevators
-bridges
-electric transit systems
Wright Brothers1 st flight
baseball
-boxing
-vaudeville, circus
-ragtime music
-motion pictures (no color, no words)
-populists
-Suffragists
-Temperance
Amusement Parks
wealth gap existed—rich and poor
-lack of social services
-Needed Improvements
-social welfare
-moral improvement
-economic reform
-efficiency in gov. & business
Coney Island
Hershey Bars
Coca Cola
Dollar Diplomacy
less emphasis on military force
-helping Latin American Industry
-would help US and LA
-Voting Discrimination
Literacy tests
Poll taxes
Grandfather clause
Segregation
Jim Crow Laws-lynching
Plessy v Ferguson
Booker T Washington
founded Tuskegee Institute
WEB Du Bois
demanded full rights NOW!
gradual improvement was the goal -helped found NAACP
-wanted blacks to be educated
most city children are attending school
-increase in high schools
-small number of students attending college
Morrill Land Grant
-wrote about things that needed to be changed
Ida TarbellStandard Oil
Upton Sinclairmeatpacking industry—led to FDA
Lincoln Steffenspolitical machines
Jacob Riisurban problems (tenements)
Helen Hunt Jacksonmistreatment of Native Americans
-lets make government more efficient
Commission system
-utilities should be publically owned
-initiatives referendums
Direct election of senators recall
16 th -income tax
Eugene Debbs
American Socialist Party
17 th -Direct election senators
18 th -Prohibition
19 th -women’s suffrage
-more states granting suffrage
Susan b Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucy Stone
-organized protests to gain voting rights
Insurance regulations zoning laws
Building codes FDA-food and drug admin.
Limits on child labor
Limits women’s working hours
10

-Pancho Villaleads group of guerrillas into US trying to get US to intervene in Mexico
John Pershingis sent to capture
Villa, does not and US withdraws from Mexico
stronger law to keep trusts out and protect unions
-Democracy was crucial to nation’s stability and it should be promoted to keep a peaceful world
-banks have to keep portion of deposits in regional banks called Federal Reserve banks
-provide cushion in case of losses
said to Congress—promote trade among countries—no secret agreements—creation of League of Nationsprevent future wars
-We never joined the League
—
Causes of WWI
nationalism
-alliance system
-Archduke assassination by Black Hand
Alliances
Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
Germany
-Austria Hungary
-
-Ottoman Empire
Triple Entente (Allies)
France
-Britain
-Russia
-(US)
-alliances cause chain reaction after assassination
US Neutral develops sympathy for Allies
-begins to export war materials
Submarine Warfare begins
-we are Isolationists
Stalemateno one getting anywhere
Trench Warfare no man’s land
new types of warfare
-machine guns
-mustard gas
-airplanes
-tanks
US Joins
Lusitania sinks by subwarfare
Zimmerman Telegram
-letter from Germany to Mexico asking Mexico to be German ally and gain back the territory it lost at the Mexican Cession
-Selective Serviceall men had to register for draft
-US troops called Doughboys
-Russia leaves war in 1917
Treaty of Versailles
-Germany had to take blame for war
-Germany had to pay Reparations-
-Germany could not have military
$ to Allies for war damages
US Senate rejects the treaty and makes Fourteen Points
-felt like the League was too much entanglement into foreign affairs
-it was still formed without the US
-Senators were led by Henry Cabot Lodge
-Isolationist policy
Normalcyreturn to simpilar ways before WWI
Washington Naval Conferenceproposed no more building of warships
Kellogg Briand Pactoutlawed war
-new high tariff
-Nativist policy—quota system established
Scandals:
Tea Pot Domegov leased out its oil reserves to private companies for less than they were worth—embarrasses Harding
Ohio Gangpoker-playing friends—ones involved in Tea Pot
pro business and preferred laissez-faire policies
-“the business of America is business”
11

labor unrest—workers strikingUnited Mine Workers
Red Scare
Russian Revolution and it turning Communist
Palmer raids
hunt for anyone against any form of
Gov.
Sacco & Vanzettianarchists accused of murder and executed
Growth of KKK
-buying on margin
-stock prices inflated
-stock prices fall
Black Tuesdaystock market crash
-overproduction of goods
-too much people bought on credit
-no bank regulations
-hardship of women
-men trying to get job
-health of children
--many people living in cities
Standard of Living
airlines develop
-automobile
Travel
Suburbs
-electricity
Prosperity
-growth of advertising
-productivity increases
Assembly line
Installment planincreases consumption
Fundamentalismreligious movement focusing on Bible truth
Aimee Semple McPherson
-Billy Sunday
Darwintheory of evolution
Scopes Trialteaching evolution
-literary and artistic movement
-celebrated AA culture
-black nationalism
Marcus Garvey
Langston Hughes
Zora Neal Hurston
Black artists
Louis Armstrong
-Duke Ellington
-Bessie Smith
Rural areas
-
-forclosure of farms
Dustbowl
Cities
Family life
-shantytowns called Hoovervilles
-Breadlines
-soup kitchens
Social Effects
-suicides
mental illness
dreams forsaken
banned alcohol
-many people hated law
-gov did not enforce law
Speakeasies— drinking clubs
Bootleggerssold alcohol on black market
-growth of organized crime
Al Capone
-flapperhair, dress, attitude
-clash of conservative values
-families change
Margaret Sanger-
Birth control
Babe Ruth
Mickey Mouse
Bobby Jones
Charles Lindbergh1 st trans-
Atlantic flight
“Jazz Singer”- first talking movie
George Gershwinmusic
Georgia O’Keefeartists painted urban landscape and flowers
F Scott Fitzgerald-
“Great
Gatsby”—criticized the crazy lifestyle of the 20’s—coined it the
Jazz Age
12

How to end the Great Depression?
100Days-
FDR’s first 100 days in office Congress passed lots of new legislation to end Depression
-carried out reforms in banking and stock market
-goal was to restore people’s confidence in banks so they would put their money back in them
Fireside Chatsradio talks to public about issues concerning them such as trusting the gov and banks
New Deal-
Roosevelt’s many programs put in place to restore economy and put people back to work
-it would be WWII that would end Depression but New Deal helped in the process
Court Packingwanted to add more Justices to Supreme Court who would pass his legislation
unconstitutional—some programs were seen as unconstitutional
WWII
-dies in 4 th term
FDICinsured people’s money in banks
SECsecurities and exchange commission
-supervised stock market & put regulations in place
National Recovery Administration-
-established codes of fair competition
Social Security Actretired pensions, aids ppl w/ disabilities
Agricultural Adjustment Administration-
-paid farmers to kill crops to raise crop prices
TVA-Tennessee Valley Authority
built plants and dams in S trying to bring more industry there
PWAcreated jobs on gov projects
Works Progress Administrationemployed artists
Musicians, actors, historians
National Labor Relations Act (Wagoner Act)right to
Unionize—anti-union practices banned
Bank Holidaysbanks closed until found stable enough to reopen
CWAprovided work in federal jobs
Father Charles Couphlinheavy taxes on rich to provide income for poor
Huey Longlevel income, home and college for all
Francis Townsendproposed income for elderly
-US focused on domestic issues
extreme antiwar feelings—we do not want another war like WWI
Neutrality Actsforbids arms sales to warring countries
Japanese Aggression
Manchuria
-China
-Emperor Hirohito-Tojo
Italy
Fascism
-Mussolini
13
Many artists showed reality of Depression
Grant Wood
-American Gothic
John Steinbeck
Grapes of Wrath
Marx Brothers
“Gone with Wind”
“Wizard of Oz”
“Snow White and Seven Dwarfs”
-soap operas
-variety shows and plays
Germany
-suffering from Depression
-Hitler—3 rd Reich
Russia
-Communism
-Stalin
give Hitler what he wants to avoid war
Germany rebuilds its military
-wants part of Czechoslovakia
-demanded port in Poland
-Britain and France realize appeasement will not avoid war because Hitler would continue demanding

Hitler invades Poland in 1939
Axis Powers
Germany
Italy
Allied Powers
Britain
France
Russia (after Hitler breaks non aggression treaty)
US will join Allies
Japanese invade China in 37
Germany annexes Austria in 38
Germany takes Czechoslovakia in 38
Germany invades Poland in 39
-France & England declare war
-Germany takes France
-Hitler invades Russia—war is now on 2 fronts for Hitler
Cash and Carrypay cash and you pick up your stuff and we will lend you supplies
Lend Leasehelp supply Allies—Arsenal of Democracy
US has embargo on Japan for actions of aggression in the Pacific— trying to get Pacific Islands
-US gets warning of possible Japanese attack
Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor is attacked
-US declares war on Japan and Germany & Italy declare
War on US
Selective Service
draft process
-GI’s went to basic training for 8 weeks
Women’s Auxiliary Corpsvolunteered to be receptionists, typers
-minorities served in segregated units
Tuskegee Airmen
War Production Boardindustries retooled to make war supplies
EX: car industry made planes and tanks
ScientistsManhattan Projectmake atomic bomb
Rosie the Riveter
propaganda with newsreels of war
Products Rationed
War Bonds sold to give gov money
Japanese Internment-
Blitzkrieg
-lightening warfare—German practice—heavy use of aircraft/machinery
-quick victory in Poland
-Luftwaffe begin bombing Britain
-RAF defends Britain
-FDR & Churchill meet
—Germany is priority
Battle of Atlantic—convoy system
-Russian winter stops German troops
Germany is defeated at Stalingrad
Africa/Italy
British and American troops invade N Africa to fight against
Germany’s African Corp—led by
Erwin Rommel
-US led by Patton there
-Defeat Germany
DDay
-Operation Overlord
planned by Eisenhower
-paratroopers invade behind enemy lines at Normandy France
-France liberated from Germany control
Battle of Bulge
last German counter-offensive
-Germany is now in retreat
-massive bombings of German cities
-Roosevelt wins 4 th term with Truman as VP
-Soviet armies push into Germany from east
VE Day (Victory in Europe Day)
Big 3 continue to end war
-death camps found and Holocaust is revealed
-Roosevelt dies and Truman becomes Pres
-Hitler commits suicide as Russia invades Berlin
-German surrender May 5, 1945
Japanese victories in Pacific
MacArthur retreats from Philippines
-US bombs Tokyo
Battle of Midway-
`
-Island Hopping-
-Admiral Nimitz lots damage done to Japanese Navy
-Japanese defended islands with
-Iwo Jima-
-Okinawa—
Kamikaze these 2 warned how much death an invasion of
Japan would cost US
Manhattan Projectled by Oppenheimer— scientists urged gov not to use Atomic bomb
Truman decides to drop bomb on
(VJ Day) August 1945
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Germany has anti-Jewish sentiment
-Hitler blames Jews for problems in Germany
Nuremburg Lawstook away civil rights to Jews (star of David must be worn)
Kristallnachtdestruction of Jewish property
Final Solution
rid Europe of all Jews
-concentration camps set up in Eastern Europe
-
-either gassed or worked in labor camps
Auschwitz
-Eli Wiesel “Night”
14

United Nations formed
Potsdam & Yaltadivision of Germany into 4 sections
Nuremburg Trials-
Nazi’s charged of war crimes (Holocaust)
-General MacArthurreforms Japan’s economy E Germany/E Berlin-Communist
-establishes Democracy
-Constitution still exists
W Germany/W Berlin-Democrac
Integrates the military
GI Billgave loans to veterans to help them start business, buy homes, go to college
Levittownlots of soldiers buying homes—started making homes on assembly line, looked exactly the same— Suburbia (cookie-cutter)
Taft Hartly Actoutlawed closed shop (forcing business owners to hire only union members)—trying to get more people jobs after war
Truman Doctrinegive aid to any nation that needs it to prevent communism from spreading
Marshall PlanEurope destroyed by war—devastation made communism more promising—recovery for Europe—it worked
Berlin Airlift
NATOpartner with Europe Warsaw Pact – Soviets and satellite countries
Alger Hiss & Rosenbergs- accused spies from Soviet Union
Joseph McCarthy goes on witch hunts to find communists
Senate investigations Army hearings
House of UnAmerican Activities Committeefind people in gov who communists
Blacklisting actors and actresses
Hollywood Ten
Brinkmanshipgo to brink of war for other side to back down
Massive Retaliationuse nucs to
-bomb shelters built
-“duck and cover”
Sputnik 1 st artificial satellite to orbit earth
Suez CrisisUS going to help Egypt build damn—US finds out Egypt had gotten missiles from Communist Czechoslovakia—Britain &
France invade Suez—Soviets threaten to rocket attack
-brink of war
U-2 Incident
US send spy plane over Soviet Union
-Soviets detect and shoot down
-escalate Cold War
National Highway Act—built highways—cars, cars, cars
-Castro takes over Cuba
Berlin Wall built—split east and west Berlin(symbol of communism)
Bay of PigsCastro is Communist (SO CLOSE TO HOME)—attack and failure—Cuba turns to USSR for aid
Cuban Missile CrisisUSSR places missiles in Cuba—brink of war
New Frontierhelp poor, Peace Corps, education, civil rights
-assassinated Nov 22, 1963— Lee Harvey Oswald
15
-LBJ takes over
-GOALto stop spread of communism CONTAINMENT
-Soviet Union is Communist—we are in a cold war (no fighting) with Soviet Union from 1945-1989
-we are competing in an ARMS race
Iron Curtain-
Winston Churchill’s reference to Western
Europe and US separated from Soviet Union
Germany split into 4 zones
-France, Britain, and US combine zones
-Berlin is in Soviet territory
Berlin AirliftSoviets cut off supply routes into Berlin
--Big 3 must air drop food and supplies to West
Berlin
-Atomic bomb tested in USSR (scares US)
-Communism spreads to China
-containment is not working
Korean War (1950-53)
Korea split along 38 th parallel
-N invades S Korea
-US enters to save S
MacArthur (WWII pacific guy)
-China enters on N Korean side
-MacArthur wants to attack China—Truman fires
-war ends in 53 along 38 th Parallel
Space Race
57-USSR develops
ICBM’s
-57 USSR Sputnik
US creates NASA
-Ho Chi MinhN Vietnam Communist
Diem in S -not communist—naturally US sides with S
Westmoreland
-Vietcong use guerilla tactics
-trenches, blended in with civilians
-US Search and Destroy
Napalm, Agent Orange
-Tet Offensivemajor attack by Vietcong on their holiday
-public opinion turns
-
Protests
Hawks Doves
-why are we fighting this war?
Students for Democratic Society
war is televised
-hear about My Lai Massacre-
-hear about Cambodia (seems we are spreading war)
Kent State
-US leaves in 1973
-Saigon in S Vietnam falls in 1975-Communism spreads

Vietnam
-Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionCongress permission to take any necessary measure to prevent aggression against US
-US ship attacked
Operation Rolling Thunderbomb Vietnam
ProtestHawks v Doves
-opposition to draft
-felt working man’s war—privileged went to college and protested war
1968:
-Tet Offensive
-Martin Luther King is assassinated
-Robert Kennedy assassinated
-clash between protestors at Democratic National Convention
-helps Nixon win presidency
Domestic Policy/Civil Rights
Great Societycontinuation of Kennedy’s New Frontier
Medicare/Medicaidhealthcare for elderly and poor
Head Start
-HUD-Housing and Urban Development Act
VISTA (volunteers in service to America)a peace corps in America
Voting Rights Act of 1965ensured AA right to vote
14 th & 15 th Amendments ignored
Jim Crow
Segregation-Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
Times start to Change:
-WWII exposed racism
-Truman integrates military
Jackie Robinson
Brown v Board (1954)ends segregation
Resistance Begins:
Rosa Parksfights bus segregation
Martin Luther Kingbus boycotts
-believed in nonviolent resistance (Thoreau, Ghandi)
Little Rock 9gov orders national guard to stop black students—Eisenhower uses federal troops to integrate
Greensboro sit-in
-SNCC (student non violent coordinating committee)organized sit-ins (college students)
Birmingham is an example of resistance
police use dogs
Kennedy supports integration there
Civil Rights Act 1964ends segregation in public places
Freedom Summersigning up students to vote— Voting Rights Act 1965
New type of Movement:
Malcolm Xmore violent than King—self defense
Black Panthersradical agenda accepted violence as means of getting equal rights
South Africa ( you could get question on this)
Apartheiddivided S Africa into 4 segregated racial groups
-whites, blacks, coloreds of mixed race, and Asians
-COULD BE COMPARED TO JIM CROW
Nelson Mandelaanti apartheid leader elected in 1 st elections
16
Vietnam
Vietnamizationpull US troops out but train Vietnamese troops to do most of ground fighting with US air support
-Spreads war into Cambodia and Laostry to stop Vietcong supply lines
-meets lots of opposition by protestors—seemed he was spreading war
My Lai MassacreUS troops slaughter women, elderly, children
-spurs tons of protest
Kent State
Pentagon Papersclassified documents Nixon wanted to keep secret –documented actions of presidents during Vietnam acting without Congressional approval
-War Ends:
-US leaves in 73
-Saigon in S falls and turns Communist
War Powers Actlimited ability of President to wage war
Domestic Policy
New Federalismdecrease size fed gov
Civil Rights
integrate in S
Swann v Charlotte Meck-busing
Cold War
-Détenteeasing tensions with other countries
-
-visits visits
China
Soviet Union
Economy
SALT Treatylimit arms that each produce
-Stagflation -dilemma Nixon faced with rising prices
(inflation) and economic stagnation (stagnant)
Environment
EPAset and enforce pollution standards,
Research environment
Clean Air Actset standards for clean air
-limit pesticide use & strip mining
Scandal
Watergate-
Nixon’s plan to break into Watergate hotel and steal campaign information from Democrats
-burglars talked—Nixon accused and hands over tapes of his conversations— Impeached & Resigns
-post war boom
-growth of suburbs
-most new homes here
-cookie cutters
Baby Boom
Interstate Hwys.
Elvis
reaction to rock music
-movies had color, stereo sound
-Lucille Ball
-spurred other industryrefrigerators, frozen dinners
-women often appear as perfect homemakers
-few minorities seen
-ideal America
social & literary movement
-non material lifestyle
-hippies would come of this
-clashed with reg. America
boredom, wanted fulfillment Betty Friedan “Feminist
-many working women paid less than men
Mystique”

-non conformists
Hippiesrock, radical appearance, drugs, communal living, eastern religions
-many protested Vietnam war
-sexual revolution
Pop art
Andy Warhol
Rock music
Beatles
Woodstock
-increase in Latino pop
Cesar Chavezfight for better education
& pol power
American Indian Movementwon tribal lands back—more control over Indian affairs
-feminism
-equality w/ men
Betty Freidan
book called women
To look at lives for
True happiness
-sparked women’s liberation movement
NOWequal employment opportunity
Roe v Wadelegal abortion
ERAequal rights amendment proposed—ended up no passing
Nelson MendelaAnti Aparteid leader
Rachel Carson Silent Spring
EPA, Earth Day
Love Canal, 3-Mile Island
-pardon Nixon
economy still in turmoil
OPECraised oil prices extremely high in 73
WIN-Whip Inflation Now
cut back on oil consumption—conserve
Stagflation
Camp David Accordspeace agreement between leaders of
Egypt and Israel—gave hopes of peace in Middle East
Iran Hostage Crisis-
US had supported Shah of Iran
-rebels in Iran hated him
-Shah forced to flea
-rebels go to US embassy in Iran and took 52 US
Hostages
-when Carter left office, hostages released
Human Rights Policy
give Panama Canal up
-Camp David Accords
-trying to promote world peace
less federal government
-appoint conservative Justices (
Sandra Day O’Connor)
-VP is GHW Bush
Reaganomics (Trickle Down -trickle down from rich to poor)
cut gov spending
-lower taxes
Supply Side Economicslower taxes to get more
supply, lower prices, more people will buy
-more military spending
Star Warsdevelop weapons that could intercept
And destroy incoming missiles
Strategic Defense Initiative
Challenger
shuttle carrying teacher explodes as it takes off
Texas v Johnsoncannot stop flag burning—violates 1 st Amendment
-Persian Gulf War
-Operation Dessert Shield &Storm
-Saddam Hussein
keep Iraq from gaining too much control over oil reserves
Iran Contra Scandal
give weapons to Nicaragua (Congress had prohibited this)—
Contras of Nicaragua would sell weapons to Iran in exchange for releasing hostages
Soviet Union Falls
-Gorbachev in charge
Glasnost and Perestroikaopenness
Berlin Wall destroyed 1989
-Soviet territories separate
AparteidS Africa; separate races
-like Jim Crow Era in US
Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
Yassar Arafatleader of PLO
NAFTA signed
Impeachment
personal scandal
-allegations of perjury
-impeachment—found innocent
GW Bush elected in 2001
No Child Left Behind
War on Terrorism
17

Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
Tecumseh
Charles Grandson Finney
Harriet Tubman
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
William Lloyd Garrison
Sojourner Truth
John Brown
John Marshall
Henry Clay
Frederick Douglas
Elizabeth Cady Stanton/S B Anthony,
Lucretia Mott
Jefferson Davis
John C Calhoun
Lewis and Clark
Dorthea Dix
Hudson River School
Abraham Lincoln
Robert E Lee
Ulysses S Grant
Henry David Thoreau
Ralph Waldo Emerson
George McClellan
Thaddeus Stevens
George Custer (7 th Calvary)
Andrew Carnegie
Vanderbilt
Rockefeller
JP Morgan
Frederick Jackson Turner
Queen Lili
William Seward
Alfred T Mahan
Rough Riders
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffens
Upton Sinclair
Frank Norris
Jacob Riis
Carrie Nation
Ida B Wells
Robert La Follette
Marcus Garvey
Henry Ford
WEB Du Bois
Booker T Washington
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Jeanette Rankin
John J Pershing
Henry Cabot Lodge
Woodrow Wilson
A Mitchell Palmer
Sacco & Vanzetti
John T Scopes
Albert Fall
Langston Hughes
Louis Armstrong
F Scott Fitzgerald
Aimee Semple Mcpherson/Billy
Sunday
Margaret Sanger
FDR
John Maynard Keynes
Dr Francis Townsend
Huey Long
Frances Perkins
Douglas McArthur
George Patton
Oppenheimer
Fidel Castro
George Marshall
Alger Hiss/Rosenbergs
Joseph McCarthy
Stokely Carmichael (SNCC)
James Meredith
Thurgood Marshall
Earl Warren
Gloria Stenem
Phyllis Schlafly
Cesar Chavez
Neil Armstrong
John Glen
Betty Friedan
Rachel Carson
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Ho Chi Minh
William Westmoreland
Yasser Arafat
OPEC
Shah of Iran
Ayatollah Khomeini
Nelson Mandela
Colin Powell
Mikhail Gorbachev
Saddam Hussein
Sandra Day O’Connor
Geraldine Ferraro
Dee Brown
Helen Hunt Jackson
James Fennimore Cooper
Edgar Allen Poe
18
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Alex De Tocqueville
Herman Melville
Mark Twain
John Steinbeck
Cyrus McCormick/John Deere
Robert Fulton
Peter Cooper
Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison
Sumner/Brooks
Stephen Douglas
Cold War Presidents 1945-1991
Vietnam War Presidents 1954-1975
WWI Allied Powers
WWI Central Powers
WWII Allied Powers
WWII Axis Powers
Eugene V Debs
Samuel Gompers
John Jay
Charles Pickney
Marbury v Madison 1803
Schneck v US 1919
Northern Securities v US 1904
Plessy v Ferguson 1896
Brown v Board 1954
Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg 1971
Texas v Johnson 1989
Worchester v Georgia 1832
Roe v Wade 1973
Sherman Anti Trust Act 1890
Clayton Anti Trust Act 1914
Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC) 1887
Robert Fulton
Freedman’s Bureau
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
Stalwart
Halfbreed
Charles Lindbergh
Santa Anna
Morill Land Grant Act 1862
Homestead Act 1862
Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883
Kansas Nebraska Act 1854
GI Bill of Rights 1944
Equal Rights Amendment 1972
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2001
Dawes Act 1877
War Powers Act 1973