WARM-UP: MONDAY

Tell me about your break. Write down any 3
things!
Here’s mine:
1. Hiked at Enchanted Rock 
2. My fish Gilligan died 
3. Went antique/vintage shopping 
PERIOD 4: GLOBAL INTERACTIONS 1450-1750

Key Events:
 Interconnection
of Eastern and Western
Hemispheres
 Global circulation of some commodities
 Germs carried to the Americas ravaged indigenous
populations
 Global exchange of crops and animals altered the
planet
 Empires expanded and conquered new peoples
 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
YOUR TASK: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION MAP
WARM-UP: TUESDAY

Write down two observations about this world
map.
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
Essential questions:
Why did Europeans begin to explore the world?
What were the effects of European exploration?
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
Period from early 15th to early 17th century.
 Time of European expansion to the rest of the
world
 European ships traveled around the world in
search of new trade routes, gold, silver, spices,
furs, and fertile land or settlements.
 Europeans encountered peoples and mapped
lands previously unknown to them.

MOTIVES: WHY DID THEY WANT TO EXPLORE?

Desire for wealth
 Wanted
to expand trade, especially for the spices of
the east
 Wanted to find precious metals

Religion
 Wanted
others

to spread religious ideals and convert
Glory
 Look
at us! WEEEEEE’RRRREEEEE GREAT!
MOTIVES: WHY DID THEY WANT TO EXPLORE?

God, Glory, and Gold
WHAT WAS NEEDED TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE?
Cartography – map-making
 Compass – showed ship’s direction

WHAT WAS NEEDED TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE?
 Astrolabe – showed ship’s
latitude by observing the
positions of the stars
 Ships – caravel could maneuver
better and hold more cargo;
could carry cannons!
ASTROLABE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0B5Q5eXf
bTc
PORTUGUESE TRADING EMPIRE
The Portuguese sailed to
the coastal areas of Africa,
where they first reached the
west coast
 What natural resources
does this region have?
 This became a source of
gold for the Portuguese and
became known as the “Gold
Coast”

HOW PORTUGAL BECAME THE FIRST GLOBAL
SEA POWER

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcdO0QT
mxIU
PORTUGUESE TRADING EMPIRE

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
sent several expeditions down the west coast of
Africa to:
establish trade routes
 Destroy Muslim shipping
 Gain control of the spice trade

PORTUGUESE TRADING EMPIRE

1487 - Bartholomeu
Dias rounded the Cape
of Good Hope, which is
the southern tip of
Africa.
PORTUGUESE TRADING EMPIRE

1497 – Vasco da Gama discovered a route to
India, opening the way for Portuguese trade
routes to the East Indies
PORTUGUESE TRADING EMPIRE
The Portuguese later established trading ports
for spice trade in Africa, India, and Southeast
Asian islands making tremendous profits.
 Portuguese trading empire was a series of
trading posts on coastal areas.
 They did not colonize African or Asian regions.

VOYAGES TO THE AMERICAS

1492 – Italian born Christopher Columbus
convinced Queen Isabella of Spain to finance
an expedition to find a western route to Asia.
VOYAGES TO THE AMERICAS

Did Europeans know the Earth was round?
 Yes!

Did they know the circumference of the Earth?
 Yes,
Eratosthenes figured this out, but Columbus
believed the Earth was smaller.

Where did Columbus think he was?
 Asia
– he believed this to his dying day
 He thought he was in the Indies (islands in Asia),
therefore the people became known as “Indios” –
the Spanish word for “inhabitants of the Indies”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fZnWlt-X-0
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS

Spain: “What if Portugal tries to claim our
newly discovered lands?”

Portugal: “What if Spain tries to claim our newly
discovered lands?”

Pope Alexander VI: “Let’s make it fair – we will
draw a line to divide up the territory”
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS

Spain would have possession of any unclaimed
territories to the west of the line; Portugal would
have possession of any unclaimed territory to the
east of the line.
That’s why people speak
Portuguese in Brazil!
WARM-UP: WEDNESDAY

What empire is this?
SPANISH EMPIRE
Spanish conquistadors
(conquerors)
 Hernan Cortez: Defeated
Aztec Empire
 Fransisco Pizarro: Defeated
Inca Empire
 Within 30 years after
Spanish arrival, the
western part of Latin
America had been brought
under their control
 https://vimeo.com/10700
8947

SPANISH EMPIRE
Philippines: Spanish
base for trade across
Pacific
NORTHERN EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

English, Dutch, and French got into the game
 They
produced lighter, faster ships
 Protestant, not Catholic
 Quest for profit (not so much religion)
HOW DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY A ROLE?



Spain and Portugal: On the Iberian Peninsula
England: On an island
France and The Netherlands (Dutch): regions on the coast
They all had
access to
the oceans!
WHAT WERE THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF EXPLORATION?

Columbian Exchange – widespread exchange
of plants, animals, foods, human populations
(including slaves), communicable diseases, and
ideas between the Eastern and Western
hemispheres that occurred after 1492.
WHERE DO YOU THINK IT ORIGINATED?
Place your sticky note in the “Old World” or
“New World”
 Think it’s too easy? Place the item in a specific
place where you think it came from …


Give up? Look it up!
ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Columbian Exchange
LET’S LEARN ABOUT SOME OF THESE PLANTS!

Read the information about potatoes, sugar,
corn, coffee, and tomatoes
CREATE A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER TO ANSWER
THE FOLLOWING

What were the impacts of the Columbian
Exchange?
 Social
 Economic
 Environmental
Use your brain, your notes, and the info
provided to you!
 Note: leave space to add info as we discuss…

WARM-UP: THURSDAY

Read through the information about potatoes,
sugar, corn, coffee, and tomatoes

Write one fact about each!
CRASH COURSE: COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Add to your chart as you watch the video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNp
fM4
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

European colonization of the Americas led to
the spread of diseases – including smallpox,
measles, and influenza – that were endemic in
the Eastern Hemisphere; unintentional transfer
or vermin, including mosquitoes and rats
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

American foods became staple crops in various
parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa
 Potatoes,

maize, manioc
Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations
with coerced labor and were exported mostly to
Europe and the Middle East
 Sugar,
tobacco
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and
domesticated animals were brought by
Europeans to the Americas
 Horses,

pigs, cattle
Other foods were brought by African slaves
 Okra,
rice
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted
nutritionally from the increased diversity of
American food crops

European colonization and the introduction of
European agriculture and settlements
practiced in the Americas often affected the
physical environment through deforestation
and soil depletion
WARM-UP: FRIDAY

Watch the video about Amerigo Vespucci and
write 3 facts
1.
2.
3.
http://www.biography.com/people/amerigovespucci-9517978
WARM-UP: MONDAY

What is significant about today in U.S. history?
COLONIALISM IN THE AMERICAS
SPANISH EMPIRE

Spain was the first to create colonies to protect
land and govern people
Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico
 1509 – settlement of mainland, starting with
Panama

NEW SPAIN – FORMED 1535
SPANISH FORTS BUILT TO PROTECT CLAIMS


Puerto Rico
St. Augustine, Florida =
oldest city in the U.S.
FROM CONQUEST TO COLONIZATION

1550: Spanish king suspended conquests and
had a special commission 
 What
were the arguments for conquest?
 What were the arguments against conquest?
SPANISH EMPIRE
Mexico and Peru had a large sedentary
population and mineral resources
= became the focus of immigration and
institution building


By 1570, there were 192 Spanish cities and
towns throughout the Americas; 1/3 were in
Mexico and Central America
SPANISH EMPIRE
Mexico City built upon defeated Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan
 Spanish cities = planned cities

 Grid-like
 Plaza
w/ town hall, church, governor’s palace
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
A new economic system emerges called:
 Mercantilism – idea that the prosperity of a
nation depended on:



a large supply of gold and silver
exporting in large quantity while importing in small
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Balance of trade – difference between what a
country imports and exports
 A favorable balance of trade would be when the
goods exported are greater than those
imported.

Wealth that has
been accumulated
SPANISH COLONIES: MINING
Silver = money-maker of Spanish colonies
 Main mine in Potosi, Bolivia

ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Colonies were an important part of this
economic system.
 Colony = settlement of people living in a new
territory, which is linked to the parent country
through trade and direct government control
 Important for:

 Sources
of raw materials
 Markets for finished goods
SPANISH COLONIES: LABOR SYSTEMS
Queen Isabella granted the Spanish encomienda
– the right to use native Americans as laborers.
 Most natives were forced to work on plantations
or work in gold and silver mines.
 Many natives died due to:

 Disease
 Forced
labor
 starvation
SPANISH COLONIES: LABOR SYSTEMS

Mita – Inca labor system that involved tribute
or labor in return for protection (reciprocal
system)

Spanish adapted this system for themselves

Native Americans:
 Slaves
 encomienda  mita  wage workers
PORTUGUESE COLONY: BRAZIL

First great plantation colony
 Served
as a model for later Caribbean colonies
Plantations = large agricultural estates = were
set up on the eastern coast of Brazil and on
islands in the Caribbean to grow sugar cane
 Growing cane is labor intensive – so slaves
from Africa were imported to meet the need

PORTUGUESE COLONY: BRAZIL

By the 17th century, expeditions inland led to a
Gold Rush and claims to interior Brazil
THE SLAVE TRADE
15th century – slaves were used in
Southwest Asia (Middle East) mostly as
domestic servants
 Demand for slaves rose dramatically with the
European voyages to the Americas and the
planting of sugar cane there

WARM-UP: TUESDAY

The first boatload of African slaves were
brought on a Spanish ship in 1518.
THE SLAVE TRADE
Trade grew tremendously in the next two
centuries
 Triangular trade = connected Europe, Africa,
and the Americas

THE SLAVE TRADE
Why were so many slaves sent to the Americas?
 High death rate
 Many died on the Middle Passage, which was the
journey to the Americas that was the middle leg of
the triangular trade


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5qZ1MpevrI
EFFECTS OF THE SLAVE TRADE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NXC4Q_4JVg
Before Europeans entered the scene, most slaves
in Africa were war captives
 After Europeans enter the scene, more people
were taken captive through village raids

What were the effects on African societies?
 Depopulation of some areas
 Deprived communities of their youngest and
strongest men and women
 Led to increased warfare
SPANISH “CASTAS”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdxdXfDLa
Ns