Psychoanalysis
Fechner (1801-1887)
 German experimental
psychologist
 Spiced ham guy
 Believed the mind is
like an iceberg
 Freud stole this idea
from Fechner and
took credit for it
Pre-modern treatments for Mental
Illness
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Past culture beliefs in the
cause for mental illness
– Demon possession
– Punishment for sin
(Hebrew)
Christians tortured the
mentally ill
1492- more sensitive
treatments
1745ish- Pinel freed many
mentally ill patients because
he thought it was a biological
phenomenon
Mental Illness (cont’d)

Dorothea Dix (18021887)
o Was an advocate for the
mentally ill in the U.S.
o Was very religious and
depressed

Benjamin Rush (1745ish)
o first practicing psychiatrist
in U.S. and signed the
o Declaration of
Independence
Schools of Thought for Psychiatry
• Somatic
– Causes are physical
– Ex.) Brain lesion or
tight nerves
• Psychic
– Causes are emotional
• Somatic was
dominant until
psychoanalysis
matured
Emmanuel Movement
Psychic approach
by Elwood
Worcester
He advocated Talk
Therapy
Movement began
in 1906
Hypnosis
• Mesmer (1734-1815)
– A scientist, physician, and dramatic promoter
– Coined the term mesmerize
– Animal Magnetism
• Resulted in him being called a “quack”
Charles Darwin
• Ideas of Darwin that
Freud stole and took
credit for
– Unconscious (mental
conflicts)
– Significance of dreams
– Importance of sexual
arousal
– Symbolism in our
behavior
– Continuity of emotional
behavior (childhoodadulthood)
Mob Boss of Psychoanalysis
• Freud (1856-1939)
– Born in Moravia
(Czech Republic)
– His dad was 20 years
older than his mother
– Had lots of younger
siblings but his mother
thought he was special
– REALLY loved his
mother
Freud
• In his early years he tried cocaine and
found it to be marvelous
• He thought he was The Miracle Drug and
his claim to fame
• It was actually Karl Koller who took credit
for cocaine use
– He used it to anesthetize the eye during
surgery
Freud (cont’d)

Married to Martha Berne
 He had many sexual
dysfunctions
 “He couldn’t rise
to the occasion”
(Rowena Tan)
 He blamed his wife
for why he gave up
sex at 41
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Id
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Ego
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Pleasure
principle
Compromise
of Id and
Superego
Superego

Rules and
morals
Psychosexual Stages
• Oral (birth-2 yrs. Old)
• Put things in mouth
• Anal (2-4 yrs. Old)
• Sexual gratification from
controlling the sphincter
• Phallic (around 4 yrs.
Old)
• Oedipus complex and
Electra Complex
• Latency (5-12 yrs. Old)
• Boys have cooties
• Genital (puberty)
• Heterosexual behavior
becomes important
Dream Analysis
• A way to get into
someone’s
unconsciousness
• Ex.) Elongated objects
(knives or cigars)
represents male
genitalia
• Ex.) Receptacle objects
(bowls or caves)
represent female
genitalia
Scientific Evidence
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Not much evidence
Ex.) Little girls didn’t know
where the penis went on the
body
Freud saved data that was
consistent with his theory

Based on abnormal people
Good Stuff

Very relevant in popular
culture
–

Brings people to
psychology
People more willing to
talk about sex
Evaluation of the Psychodynamic
approach

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Started the idea that
personality and
behavior can be
systematically
investigated
Childhood is important
Importance of primitive
impulses
Cognitive distortion is
possible
The first therapy
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Overemphasis on sex
Resistance to disproof
Inconsistent with
knowledge of childhood
development
Biases in data
collection
sexism
Neo-Freudians
• Anna Freud (1895-1982)
– Youngest of Freud’s kids
– Became a psychoanalyst
– Leader of the NeoFreudian Ego Psychology
– Child Analysis
• Melanie Klein (18821960)
– Focused on intense
emotional bond between
mother and child
• Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)
• Carl Jung (1857-1961)
– Developed Analytical
Psychology
– Collective Unconscious
– Archetypes
• Introversion and
Extroversion
• Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
– Individual Psychology
– Birth order
– Inferiority Feelings
Humanistic Psychology
• Abraham Maslow (19081970)
– E.B. Titchener’s class
turned him away from
psychology
– Hierarchy of Needs
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
– Person-Centered therapy
• Placing the
responsibility for
treatment on client
– Self-Actualization
• Positive regard