By Nathaniel Wills, Chase Martinez,
Joseph Williams

• Cardiovascular system transports nutrients wastes and gases throughout the entire body

• Pulmonary circuit- sends oxygen poor blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
• Systemic circuit- sends oxygen rich blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes waste

• 3 types of pericardium
– Fibrous: outer bag like substance, surrounds the heart in a double layer sac, made of dense connective tissue
– Parietal: forms inner lining of the fibrous
– Visceral: innermost layer covers the heart
– Parietal cavity contains serous fluid to reduce friction

• Epicardium- protects the heart by reducing friction, serous membrane that has connective tissue
• Myocardium- thick, middle layer, mostly made of cardiac muscle, pumps blood out of heart chambers
• Endocardium- contains specialized muscle fibers, called Purkinje fibers, continuous inner lining of blood vessels attached to heart

• Atria- upper chambers, thin walls that receive blood returning to heart from superior and inferior vena cava, contract blood into ventricles
• Ventricles- receive blood from atria and contract force of blood out of heart and into arteries

• Septum- solid wall, separates left and right sides
• Atrioventricular valve (AV valve)- tricuspid valve between the right atria and ventricle

• Coronary sinus- drains blood from right atrium from myocardium
• Chordae tendineae- attaches cusps of atrioventricular valves and papillary muscle contracts when ventricles contract

• Pulmonary valve- 3 cusps, leads to lungs
• Pulmonary veins- left atrium receives blood from lungs

• Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)- between left atrium and ventricle
• Aortic valve- three cusps, allows blood to leave when left ventricle contracts
• Aorta- large artery, bicuspid valve must close

• Consists of the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
• The pulmonary arteries give rise to arterioles that continue into the capillary
• From the pulmonary capillary blood enters the venuals which mold to form small veins and these veins in turn converge to form still larger veins

• Freshly oxygenated blood moves from the left atrium into the left ventricle
• Contraction of the left ventricle forces this blood into the systemic circuit, which includes the aorta and its branches

• The Aorta is the largest diameter artery in the body.
• The Ascending aorta is the first portion.
• Three major arteries originate from the aortic arch
-Brachiocephalic Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery,
Left Subclavian Artery
• The Descending Aorta left of the midline
-The Thoracic Aorta, The Celiac Artery, The Superior and
Inferior Mesenteric Arteries, The Suprarenal Arteries

• The Vertebral Arteries pass upwards through the foramina of the transverse processes
• The Axillary Artery supplies branches to structures in the axilla and chest wall and become Brachial Artery
• The Ulnar Artery leads downward, Radial Artery travels along the radial side
• The Internal Thoracic Artery a branch of the subclavian
• The Common Iliac Arteries at the level of the pelvic brim, The
Internal Iliac Artery gives off many branches, The External Iliac
Artery provides the main blood to the lower limbs

• The Femoral Artery which approaches the anterior surface of the upper thigh
• The Popliteal Artery reaches the proximal border of the space behind the knee
• Anterior Tibial Artery passes downward between the tibia and the fibula
• The Posterior Tibial Artery the larger of the two popliteal branches decends beneath the calf muscles.

-lubb-dupp sound
-lubb caused when A-V valves contract
-dupp when ventricles relax
-provide information concerning the heart
-inflammation in endocardium can be seen due to valvular cusps not closing completely
-produces a murmur
-seriousness depends on extent of damage

-Four blood types
-A, B, AB, and O
-blood types determine what blood can be transfused
-A pairs with A, B with B, AB with A or B, and O is universal
-additional Rh factor
-can be positive or negative
-needs to match with respective charges

-55% is a clear liquid called plasma
-holds water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular0 wastes
-45% is hematocrit, or HCT (red blood cells_
-White blood cells form a thin layer on top of red blood cells
-capillaries connect smallest arterioles and smallest venules
-exchange substances in blood