Chapter One
Organizations and
Organization Theory
1.Basic Concept Organizational Operations
管理行為
(Managerial
Behavior)
管理系統
(Managerial
System)
People
Activities
領導行為
(Leadership Behavior)
Process
組織行為
(Organizational Behavior)
領 Leadership
導
Relationship between
Leadership and organization
Staffing
Coordination
Organization
Control
Planning
計
劃
R&D
行 Marketing
銷
發研
展究
人
事
Human Resource
財
務 Finance
生 Production
產
.Focus on
Survive and
growth
Corporate
Strategy
Business
Strategy
.Focus on
competitive
advantage
.Focus on
functional
efficiency
Functional
Strategy
. Top-Down Directing
. Bottom-Up Information
. Involvement and Interaction
Organizations and Organization Theory
Topics
•
•
•
•
•
Organization Theory in Action
What is an Organization?
Perspectives on Organizations
Dimensions of Organization Design
The evolution of Organization Theory and
Design
Organization Theory in Action
• Current Challenges
– Globalization
– Ethics and and Social Responsibility
– Speed of Responsiveness
– The Digital Workplace
– Diversity
Organization
Theory in Action
Globalization
Current
Challenge
‧通用汽車GM
‧North Networks
‧銳跑 Reebok
‧美國運通
American Express
‧三星 Samsung
Organization
Theory in Action
Globalization
‧安隆(Enron)
‧世界通訊
(WorldCom)
‧Adelphia Co.
‧ImClone Co.
Ethics and
Social
Responsibility
Current
Challenges
Organization
Theory in Action
Globalization
Ethics and
Social
Responsibility
Current
Challenge
‧皇家荷蘭殼牌
(Royal Dutch
Shell)
Speed of
Responsiveness
Organization
Theory in Action
Globalization
Ethics and
Social
Responsibility
Current
Challenges
‧戴爾電腦(Dell
Computer Co.)
The Digital
Workplace
Speed of
Responsiveness
Organization
Theory in Action
‧麥肯錫顧問公司
(McKinsey Co.)
Globalization
Ethics and
Social
Responsibility
Diversity
Current
Challenges
The Digital
Workplace
Speed of
Responsiveness
What is an Organization?
Social Entities
goal-directed
Organization
Deliberately
structure &
coordinated
activity systems
Linked to
the external
environment
Importance of Organizations
1/7
1. Bring together resources to achieve
desired goals & outcomes
Builds nuclear-powered,
Nimitz-class aircraft
carriers
Importance of Organizations 2/7
2. Produce goods and services efficiently.
Electronic way to run company or base
on computer produce skill.
Importance of Organizations 3/7
3. Facilitate innovation
To lead creation of new
idea’s innovation but not to
follow the rule.
Importance of Organizations 4/7
4. Use modern manufacturing
and information technologies
Ex: Coca-Cola、Heineken、IBM ..etc.
Importance of Organizations 5/7
5. Adapt to and influence a
changing environment
Importance of Organizations 6/7
6. Create value for owners,
customers and employees
Gallo company use low profit as its core
strategy to create costumer value, and open
system need to work with environment.
Importance of Organizations 7/7
7. Accommodate ongoing challenge
of diversity ethics, and the motivation
and coordination of employees
Perspectives on Organizations
• Open Systems
• Organizational Configuration
– Technical Core
– Technical Support
– Administrative Support
– Top Management
– Middle Management
An Open System
and Its Subsystems
Environment
Raw Materials
People
Information
resources
Financial
resources
Subsystems
Transformation
Input
Output
Process
Boundary
Spanning
Production,
Maintenance,
Adaptation,
Management
Boundary
Spanning
Products
and
Services
開放系統及其次系統
開放系統(open system)則必須與環境交互作用
能存活，一方面消耗環境的資源，一方面輸出
資源到環境中，並得持續地改變以適應環境。
Five Basic Parts of an Organization
• Mintzberg suggested that every organization
should contain five basic parts
Transfer from input
to output
e.g teachers、
courses
Top
Management
Technical
Support
Staff
Middle
Management
Administrative
Technical Core
Exhibit 1.3 Five Basic Parts of an Organization
Support
Staff
Five Basic Parts of an Organization
Supporting organization to
adopt environment. Ex.:
engineer、researchers、etc.
Top
Management
Technical
Support
Staff
Middle
Management
Technical Core
Administrative
Support
Staff
Five Basic Parts of an Organization
To support organization’s
function stably and
organization's maintain.
Top
Management
Technical
Support
Staff
Middle
Management
Technical Core
Administrative
Support
Staff
Five Basic Parts of an Organization
To lead and negotiate
other department in the
organization.
Top
Management
Technical
Support
Staff
Middle
Management
Technical Core
Administrative
Support
Staff
Goals and
Environment Strategy
Size
Culture
Technology
Structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Formalization
Specialization
Hierarchy of Authority
Centralization
Professionalism
Personnel Ratios
Characteristics of Three
Organizations
Formalization
100
Specialization
50
Centralization
Configuration
(%nonworkflow
personnel)
TECHNOLOGY
SIZE (#employees)
0
W.L. Gore &
Associates
Manufacturing
Wal-Mart
6,000
250,000
Retailing
State Arts
Agency
Government
Service
35
The Evolution of Organization
Theory and Design
• Historical Perspectives
• Contemporary Organization Design
• Effective Performance versus the Learning
Organization
Two Organization Design
Approaches
Natural System Design
Mechanical System Design
Vertical
Structure
Routine
Tasks
Formal
Systems
Horizontal
Structure
Rigid
Culture
Competitive
Strategy
Organizational Change
in the Service of
Performance
Empowered
Roles
Shared
Information
Adaptive
Culture
Collaborative
Strategy
Stable Environment
Turbulent Environment
Efficient Performance
Learning Organization
Source: Adapted from David K. Hurst, Crisis and Renewal: Meeting the Challenge of Organizational Change (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School)
Efficient performance and learning organization
Vertical
Structure
Horizontal
Structure
Routine
Tasks
Empowered
Roles
Formal System
Shared
Information
Competitive
Strategy
Collaborative
Strategy
Rigid culture
Adaptive
culture