Chapter 11
Preventing
Diseases
Lesson 1
What Causes Disease?
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Essential Question:
Why is it important to remain germ free?
Enduring Understanding: Students will understand that
pathogens are spread through direct contact, indirect
contact, through impure food or unclean water, and
contact with animals or insects.
protozoa
 Noncommunicable
diseases
fungi
Single-celled organisms that have a
nucleus
Diseases that do not spread
Primitive single- or many-celled organisms that
cannot make their own food
In this lesson, you will learn to
 identify the two main types of disease.
 recognize four common disease-causing organisms.
 describe how germs spread.
Analyzing a Graphic
Create a concept map
that shows how germs can
be spread.
Use this diagram as a guide.
Germs
What Is a Disease?
The science of fighting disease has come along way
in the past hundred years.
disease A condition that affects the proper
functioning of the body or mind
Types of Diseases
The two basic categories of diseases are:
Communicable diseases
Noncommunicable disease
communicable diseases Diseases that can be spread
noncommunicable diseases Diseases that do not spread
Germs that Cause Disease
Pathogen is the scientific name for germ.
pathogen A microscopic organism that causes
communicable diseases
Four Classes of Pathogens
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Germs that Cause Disease
Some viruses are harmless and some cause
diseases.
viruses Tiny, nonliving particles that invade and
take over healthy cells
The common cold, the flu, the measles, and AIDS
are examples of diseases caused by viruses.
Germs that Cause Disease
Bacteria is everywhere.
bacteria Extremely small single-celled
organisms with no cell nucleus
Strep throat, Lyme disease, and tooth decay are
examples of disease caused by bacteria.
Germs that Cause Disease
Protozoa can be harmless, but some strains can
cause serious disease.
protozoa Single-celled organisms that
have a nucleus
Malaria is an example of a disease caused by
protozoa.
Germs that Cause Disease
Fungi survive by breaking down other living
organisms and absorbing their nutrients.
fungi Primitive single- or many-celled organisms
that cannot make their own food
Some strains of fungi, such as molds and yeasts
cause disease.
How Germs Are Spread
Direct
Contact
(shaking hands)
Eating or Drinking
Contaminated
Food or Water
Germ
Indirect
Contact
(sneezing)
Contact with
Animals or
Insects
Lesson 1 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary Define pathogen. Use the word in a
sentence.
Lesson 1 Review
What I Learned
Recall Name a disease caused by a fungus.
Lesson 1 Review
What I Learned
Identify Name four common disease-causing organisms.
Lesson 1 Review
Thinking Critically
Explain What is the difference between a communicable
disease and a noncommunicable disease?
Lesson 1 Review
Thinking Critically
Apply Should you take a bite of a friend’s sandwich if
you had seen him or her coughing and sneezing earlier
in class?
Chapter 11
Preventing
Diseases
Lesson 2
Communicable Diseases
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Activity: MOVE YOUR BODY.
1. Why is it important to remain germ-free? Provide examples
(3) to support your answer.
2. Provide (2) examples for communicable and (2) examples for
noncommunicable disease.
3. How germs can be spread?
Essential Question:
How can I protect myself from disease?
Enduring Understanding:
Communicable diseases can be prevented with good hygiene
practices and vaccines.
 contagious
Spreading a virus to others by direct or
indirect contact
A group of cells, tissues, and organs that fight
 immune system disease
 Strep throat
Hepatitis
It is a bacterial throat infection that can make
your throat feel sore and scratchy.
Inflammation of the liver, caused by a
virus or a toxin and characterized by
jaundice, liver enlargement, and fever.
In this lesson, you will learn to
 recognize ways pathogens are spread.
 identify common communicable diseases.
 demonstrate healthful behaviors that limit the spread of pathogens.
Common Communicable Diseases
When symptoms of a cold first appear, you are
contagious.
contagious Spreading a virus to others
by direct or indirect contact
The cold is the most common communicable
disease.
Common Communicable Diseases
Symptoms of influenza, or “the flu,” include
high fever and joint and muscle aches.
Common Communicable Diseases
Disease
Symptoms
Treatment
Mononucleosis
Swollen lymph glands (in neck,
underarms, groin), headaches, sore
muscles, sore throat, fever, fatigue
Pain relievers, rest, liquids
Hepatitis A, B, and C
Weakness, fatigue, nausea,
vomiting, fever, yellowing of eyes,
abdominal pain, dark urine
Rest, healthful food choices
(medication for Types B and C)
Tuberculosis (TB)
Cough, fatigue, persistent fever,
night sweats, weight loss
Antibiotics taken over a long
period of time
Strep throat
Sore throat, fever, chills, body
aches, loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, swollen tonsils or glands
Antibiotics, soft foods, liquids,
gargling with salt water
Keep it to Yourself
When you have a cold, take action to prevent spreading
your cold to others. Be careful to cover your mouth and
nose when you cough or sneeze. Avoid sharing cups,
utensils, or other personal items.
Your Body’s Defenses
In a typical day, your body is exposed to millions
of germs.
You aren’t sick all the time because your body is
protected by its own defense system.
Keeping Pathogens Out
The Body’s Five Major Barriers to Block Pathogens
Tears
Saliva
Mucous
Membranes
Skin
Stomach Acid
Your Body’s First Line of Defense
Skin
Body
Fluids
Mucous
Membranes
Pyrogen
Pyrogen
Skin
Body
Mucous
Fluids
Membranes
• A
Your
Tears
Tissues
chemical
skin
and
that
issaliva
that
like
linecauses
athe
act
wall
as
inside
around
a barrier.
raise
of your
your
in blood
mouth,
innertemperature
organs.
throat, nose
soand
that
eyes act
germs
have
as barriers.
a hard time surviving.
• Fights
These infection.
are sticky fluids that trap and destroy germs.
infection The result of pathogens or germs invading the body,
multiplying, and harming some of your body’s cells
Your Immune System
Your immune system is your second line of
defense.
immune system A group of cells, tissues,
and organs that fight disease
Your Immune System
Some lymphocytes attack pathogens directly while
others produce antibodies.
lymphocyte A white blood cell that attacks
pathogens or harmful germs
antibodies Chemicals produced specifically to
fight a particular invading substance
Your Immune System
Antibodies recognize germs that reenter the body
and will attack and destroy them.
This is called immunity.
immunity Resistance to infection
Preventing Communicable Diseases
Steer clear of
people who you
know are sick.
Get in the habit
of washing your
hands regularly.
Get enough rest,
eat healthy foods,
and exercise.
Preventing Communicable Diseases
A vaccine triggers the immune system to make
antibodies to fight the pathogen.
vaccine A dead or weakened pathogen
introduced into your body
Preventing Communicable Diseases
Vaccine
The Disease It Protects Against
Hep B
Hepatitis B
DTaP
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough)
Hib
Disease caused by Hemophilus influenza type B (Hib) bacteria
IPV
Poliomyelitis
PVC
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria
MMR
Measles, mumps, rubella
Varicella
Chicken pox
Hep A
Hepatitis A
Lesson 2 Review
What I Learned
Describe What is the most common communicable
disease? Name some other common communicable
diseases.
Lesson 2 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary Define antibodies, and use it in
a sentence.
Lesson 2 Review
What I Learned
List Name a disease that can be prevented with
a vaccine.
Lesson 2 Review
Thinking Critically
Apply Why should you avoid sharing an ice cream
cone with a friend who has a cold?
Lesson 2 Review
Thinking Critically
Analyze How does handwashing help protect the
health of your school and community?
Chapter 11
Preventing
Diseases
Lesson 4
Noncommunicable and
Hereditary Diseases
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Essential Question:
How can I protect myself from disease?
Enduring Understanding: students will understand that
to avoid diseases like cancer and diabetes, you should avoid
tobacco, protect yourself from the sun’s UV rays and maintain
an active, healthful lifestyle.
DO NOW
1. What different ways can pathogens be spread?
2. What is the most common communicable
disease?
3. Identify at least three different barriers (line of
defense) that your body uses to block
pathogens.
 chronic
Long-lasting
 cancer
A disease caused by abnormal cells that grow
out of control
 allergy
The body’s sensitivity to certain
substances
Heart disease
Heart disease is a range of diseases that affect
your heart.
In this lesson, you will learn to
 identify causes of various noncommunicable diseases.
 develop behaviors to keep your heart healthy.
 identify ways to help prevent diseases like cancer and diabetes.
What Causes Noncommunicable Diseases?
Poor Health
Habits
A Person’s
Environment
Effects of a
Communicable
Disease
Heredity
Present at
Birth
Heart Disease
Heart disease is the number one cause of death in
the United States and is an example of a chronic
disease.
chronic Long-lasting
Common causes of heart disease include the
narrowing or blocking of blood vessels and high
blood pressure.
Healthy Habits for your Heart
Stay Physically
Active
Maintain a
Healthy Weight
Learn to
Manage Stress
Eat Foods High
in Fiber and
Low in Salt, Fat,
and Cholesterol
Don’t Use
Tobacco
Products
Treating Heart Disease
There are medications that widen blood vessels,
lower blood pressure, and control the heartbeat.
For more serious problems, heart disease is treated
with surgery.
Cancer
Cancer starts out as a tumor.
cancer A disease caused by abnormal cells that grow out of control
tumor A mass of abnormal cells
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the
United States.
Cancer
Some tumors are noncancerous, or benign.
Tumors that are cancerous are call malignant.
Cancer
Causes of Cancer
Heredity
Exposure to
Cancer-Causing
Substances
Poor Health
Choices
Smoking accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths.
Cancer
Avoiding Cancer
Eat Well
Stay Active
Use Sunscreen
Don’t use
tobacco or drugs
Treating Cancer
Seven Cancer
Warning Signs
C
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A
A sore that does not heal
U
Unusual bleeding or discharge
T
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O
Obvious changes in a wart or mole
N
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Treating Cancer
Ways of Treating Cancer
Surgery
Radiation
Before the cancer has spread
Chemotherapy
Biologic
Therapies
After the cancer has spread
Allergies
If you sneeze when you are around cats, you may
have an allergy.
allergy The body’s sensitivity to certain substances
A substance that causes an allergic reaction is called
an allergen.
Asthma
Asthma is a health problem related to allergies.
asthma A chronic disease in which the airways
become irritated and swollen
During an asthma attack, the small airways of the
lungs become coated with a thick mucous.
Asthma
Asthma Triggers
Allergens
Physical
Activity
Cold or
Damp Air
Cigarette Smoke
and Other Sources
of Air Pollution
Diabetes
Diabetes is caused when the body doesn’t produce
enough insulin.
diabetes A disease that prevents the body from using the
sugars and starches in food for energy
insulin A hormone produced by the pancreas
Diabetes
Types of Diabetes
Type 1
Diabetes
Type 2
Diabetes
Symptoms of Diabetes
Increased thirst
Frequent urine production
The body does
not produce
insulin at all.
The body makes
insulin but is
unable to use
it efficiently.
Lack of energy
Blurred vision
Diabetes
Percentage of Obese Children and Teens Over a 40-year Time Period
Diabetes in Young People
The increase in obesity is related to the increase in
type 2 diabetes in young people.
Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults.
Treatment of Diabetes
Treatments for diabetes include:
Monitoring blood sugar levels
Taking insulin
Exercising regularly
Watching weight
Developing a good meal plan
Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary What is chronic disease?
Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Identify Name a noncommunicable disease triggered
by an allergen.
Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Describe What are some ways of preventing cancer?
Lesson 4 Review
Thinking Critically
Synthesize Name some ways to keep your heart
healthy and lessen the risks of heart disease.
Lesson 4 Review
Thinking Critically
Compare How are allergies and asthma similar?
How are they different?
Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 1
Personal Safety Habits
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 accidents
Unexpected events that result in damage
or harm
 accidental injuries Injuries caused by unexpected events
 accident chain
A sequence of events that often leads to
an accidental injury
In this lesson, you will learn to
 identify the parts of the accident chain.
 describe ways of preventing accidental injuries.
 practice healthful behaviors to develop good safety habits.
Identifying Cause-and-Effect
List three events that can
result in accidental injury.
1.
2.
3.
Staying Safe
Learning about safety can help prevent accidents
and accidental injuries.
accidents Unexpected events that result in damage or harm
accidental injuries Injuries caused by unexpected events
The Accident Chain
Accidents often occur because of an accident chain.
accident chain A sequence of events that often
leads to an accidental injury
The Situation
The Unsafe Habit
The Unsafe Act
How to Prevent Accidental Injuries
By removing or changing any
one link in the accident chain,
you can top an accident from
happening.
Lesson 1 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary What are accidental injuries?
Lesson 1 Review
What I Learned
List What three elements must be present for an
accident to occur?
Lesson 1 Review
What I Learned
Recall How can many accidents be prevented?
Lesson 1 Review
Thinking Critically
Apply Grant’s friend dared him to walk across a narrow
12-foot high fence. What should Grant do, and why?
Lesson 1 Review
Thinking Critically
Evaluate Why is it important to know your limitations?
Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 2
Safety at Home
and Away
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Essential Question:
Are most injuries and accidents preventable?
Enduring Understanding: Students will
understand that
there are many safety hazards in the home.
 hazard
Possible sources of harm
 smoke alarm
A device that makes a warning noise when
it senses smoke
In this lesson, you will learn to
 explain how to prevent accidental injuries in you home.
 practice the skill of advocacy to help family members develop
a fire escape plan.
 identify safety tips and rules of the road.
 describe how to be safe in your school and community.
Safety at Home
Following safety rules will reduce
the risks of home hazards.
hazards Possible sources of harm
Safety at Home
Learn to handle
knives correctly
Wipe up spills
right away
Don’t leave food
cooking unattended
Kitchen
Safety
Keep children
away from
the stove
Turn pot
handles
inward
Safety at Home
Keep stairways
well lighted and
free of clutter
Rugs should be
fastened down
firmly
Preventing
Falls
Never run on
wet or waxed
floors
Never stand
on a chair
Use a sturdy
ladder or
step stool
Safety at Home
Pull plugs out
by the plug, not
the cord
Never use
appliances
when your
hands are wet
Don’t use an
appliance with a
frayed cord
Electrical
Safety
Keep appliances
away from water
Unused outlets
should be
covered when
children are
present
Safety at Home
Guns should be
stored in locked
cabinets
Store
ammunition
away from guns
Gun
Safety
Never handle
a gun without an
adult present
Never point a
gun at a live
target
Safety at Home
Make sure
matches are out
before disposing
of them
Keep a fire
extinguisher
in the house
Never leave
candles burning
unattended
Fire
Safety
Keep lighters
away from
children
Use a
smoke alarm
smoke alarm A device that makes
a warning noise when
it senses smoke
fire
extinguisher A device that
releases chemicals
that smother flames
Safety and Personal Responsibility
Pick up an object you see lying on the floor where
someone might trip over it. This can prevent someone
you care about from being injured.
Safety on the Road
Safety on the road applies to drivers, passengers,
and pedestrians.
pedestrians People traveling on foot
Safety on the Road
Rules of the Road
Obey traffic rules. Ride your bike with the traffic flow, and obey
traffic signals.
Never weave in and out of traffic.
When riding with a friend, ride in single file.
When riding, check for cars before entering traffic. Watch for
pedestrians.
Be visible to others. Wear bright clothes and use a light after dark.
Safety on the Road
Tips for Personal Safety
Use your safety belt when riding in a motor vehicle.
Use safety equipment when riding a bike, skating, or riding a
scooter.
Don’t skate or ride a scooter after dark.
Avoid riding or skating on wet, dirty, or uneven surfaces.
Wear flat-soles shoes for riding a scooter. Wear pants that won’t
catch in a bicycle chain.
Keep your speed under control.
Safety at School
Never carry a weapon and alert school officials if you
know, or suspect, someone has a weapon.
Safety in the Community
Many communities have formed Neighborhood
Watch Programs.
Neighborhood Watch Programs Programs in which residents are
trained to identify and report
suspicious activity
Safety in the Community
You can protect yourself by:
Walking with purpose to and from your home
Traveling with another person or in a group
Avoiding talking to strangers
Avoiding shortcuts through unfamiliar or unsafe
areas
Lesson 2 Review
What I Learned
Recall Where should smoke alarms be placed in
the home?
Lesson 2 Review
What I Learned
Describe What are two ways of making yourself safe
when riding your bike?
Lesson 2 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary What is a Neighborhood Watch Program?
Lesson 2 Review
Thinking Critically
Explain In what ways is a cluttered room a hazard?
Lesson 2 Review
Thinking Critically
Analyze Why do you think there is debate on whether
metal detectors should be in school?
End of
Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 2
Safety at Home
and Away
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Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 3
Safety Outdoors
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 hypothermia A sudden and dangerous drop in body temperature
In this lesson, you will learn to
 describe what you need to know for water safety.
 explain safety when hiking or camping.
 practice decision-making skills to make safe choices.
Finding the Main Idea
For each main heading in
this lesson, write one
sentence that states the
main idea.
Main Headings in this Lesson:
• Staying Safe Outdoors
• Water Safety
• Safety on the Trail
Staying Safe Outdoors
Take these steps before planning any outing.
Check the weather forecast.
Make sure you have the proper safety gear.
Be aware of your skills and abilities.
Wear sunscreen
Wear bug protection.
Water Safety
Know how to swim well.
Follow the safety rules.
Never swim alone.
Use the “buddy system.”
Go to beaches or pools
that have lifeguards.
Know the water depth.
Water Safety
When boating or waterskiing, wear a life jacket
at all times.
If you ever feel in danger of drowning, stay calm
and call for help
Wear a wetsuit to prevent hypothermia.
hypothermia A sudden and dangerous drop in body temperature
Water Safety
Drowning Prevention
Water Safety
Drowning Prevention
Water Safety
Drowning Prevention
Water Safety
Drowning Prevention
Water Safety
Drowning Prevention
Water Safety
Drowning Prevention
Safety on the Trail
For hiking, wear sturdy, well-cushioned shoes.
Wearing two pairs of socks will prevent blisters.
Bring enough food and water.
Bring clothing that is appropriate for the season.
Make sure someone knows where your are going.
Bring items such as flashlights, batteries, and
walkie talkies.
Lesson 3 Review
What I Learned
Recall What is the buddy system? Why is it
important?
Lesson 3 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary What is hypothermia?
Lesson 3 Review
What I Learned
List Name two ways of staying safe during
water activities.
Lesson 3 Review
Thinking Critically
Apply Larissa is going for a short hike by herself.
What safety precautions should she take before
she leaves?
Lesson 3 Review
Thinking Critically
Analyze Suppose you are swimming in the ocean when
you realize you have gone farther that you should. You
don’t feel you have enough energy left to swim back.
What should you do?
End of
Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 3
Safety Outdoors
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Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 4
Safety in Severe Weather
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 natural disasters Events caused by nature that result in
widespread damage destruction, and loss
 hurricane
A strong tropical windstorm with driving rain
 frostbite
Freezing of the skin
 tornado
A whirling, funnel-shaped windstorm that
drops from the sky to the ground
 earthquake
The shaking of the ground as rock below the
surface moves
In this lesson, you will learn to
 identify types of weather emergencies and natural disasters.
 recognize how to prepare for weather emergencies and
natural disasters.
Compare and Contrast
As you read, keep notes on the differences between
weather emergencies and natural disasters.
Weather Emergencies and Natural Disasters
Having an emergency kit is part of preparing
for natural disasters.
natural disasters Events caused by nature that result in
widespread damage, destruction, and loss
Thunderstorms
Lightning is the most dangerous part of a
thunderstorm.
Lightning is caused by clouds releasing stored-up
electrical energy.
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorm Tips
 Seek shelter.
 Do not use the telephone.
 If you are in a large field with no shelter, lie down.
 Avoid all metal objects.
 Stay away from trees, electric wires, canopies.
 Stay away from water.
Hurricanes
A hurricane can cause high waves, which in turn
can produce flooding.
hurricane A strong tropical windstorm with driving rain
Wind speeds during a hurricane can reach or
exceed 100 miles per hour.
Hurricanes
Hurricane Tips
 Board windows.
 Bring in outdoor objects.
 Monitor TV and radio reports closely.
 Obey orders to leave the area if instructed.
Tornadoes
A tornado is most likely to occur in the flat
central regions of the country.
tornado A whirling, funnel-shaped windstorm that
drops from the sky to the ground
Floods
The most common natural disasters are floods.
Flooding is especially serious in regions near large
bodies of water.
Floods
Flood Tips
 Never walk or ride in a car through floodwater.
 Watch out for downed power lines.
 Only drink bottled water.
 Clean and disinfect everything that touched floodwater.
 Throw out all contaminated food.
 Make sure the water supply is safe before drinking.
Blizzards
A blizzard can shut down roads and make it hard for
food and other daily needs to reach consumers.
A whiteout is a state where snow falls so rapidly,
visibility is significantly reduced.
Blizzards
Health risks from being in a blizzard include:
Hypothermia
Frostbite
frostbite Freezing of the skin
Frostbite can cause severe injury to the skin and
sometimes to deeper tissue.
Tornadoes
A tornado is most likely to occur in the flat
central regions of the country.
tornado A whirling, funnel-shaped windstorm that
drops from the sky to the ground
Tornadoes
Tornado Tips
 Go to a storm cellar.
 If you don’t have a storm cellar, go to a hallway,
bathroom, or other room with no windows.
 Don’t stay in a car or mobile home.
 If you are outdoors, look for a ditch and lie down.
Earthquakes
If you are inside when an earthquake hits, stay there.
earthquake A The shaking of the ground as rock
below the surface moves
Earthquakes
Earthquake Tips
 Brace yourself in a doorway.
 If possible, crawl under a large piece of furniture.
 Move away from objects that could fall.
 If you are outside, stand in the open and stay away from
trees, buildings, and power lines.
 After an earthquake, report any odor of gas.
Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Compare What is the difference between a weather
emergency and natural disaster?
Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary What is a hurricane? Where do
hurricanes occur?
Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Identify Which type of weather emergency can lead to
whiteout conditions?
Lesson 4 Review
Thinking Critically
Evaluate How does the media influence community
health during a natural disaster or weather emergency?
Lesson 4 Review
Thinking Critically
Analyze Suppose you are swimming when the sky turns
dark. You hear a distant rumble. What should you do
to take responsibility for your personal health?
End of
Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 4
Safety in Severe Weather
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Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 5
First Aid for Emergencies
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Dislocation: displacement of one or more
bones at a joint
Fracture: it is the breaking or cracking of a
bone or the tearing of a cartilage.
 first aid
The care first given to an injured or ill person
until regular medical care can be supplied
 rescue breathing
A substitute for normal breathing in which
someone forces air into the victim’s lungs
 cardiopulmonary A rescue measure that attempts to restore
resuscitation (CPR heartbeat and breathing
 abdominal thrust
Pulled muscle: when a muscle
becomes overstretched and
tears.
Quick upward pulls into the diaphragm to
force out the object blocking the airway
Cramp: A sudden, involuntary, spasmodic
muscular contraction causing severe pain,
often occurring in the leg or shoulder as
the result of strain or chill.
 poison control center
A community agency that helps people
deal with poisoning emergencies
 first-degree burn
A burn in which only the outer part of the
skin in burned and turns red
 second-degree burn
A burn in which the damaged area blisters
or peels
 third-degree burn
A very serious burn in which deeper layers
of skin and nerve endings are damaged
In this lesson, you will learn to
 name strategies for responding to emergencies.
 describe how you can help someone who is bleeding.
 identify the universal sign for choking.
 explain how to help a burn victim.
Sequencing
Choose two of the emergencies described in the lesson.
For each, make a flow chart showing the steps in treating
the emergency.
Giving First Aid
Giving first-aid can mean the difference between life
and death.
first aid The care first given to an injured or ill person until
regular medical care can be supplied
Giving First Aid
Check
Call
Care
Life Threatening Emergencies
A victim’s life is in danger if the person:
has stopped
breathing
has no
heartbeat
is bleeding
severely
is choking
has swallowed
poison
has been
severely burned
Rescue Breathing and CPR
If the victim is not breathing, perform rescue
breathing.
rescue breathing A substitute for normal breathing in which
someone forces air into the victims lungs
Rescue Breathing and CPR
Rescue Breathing and CPR
A life-saving technique for victims whose hearts
have stopped beating is cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR).
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) A rescue measure that attempts
to restore heartbeat and breathing
First Aid for Severe Bleeding
When treating a victim with severe bleeding, take
precautions to limit touching another person’s blood.
Wear gloves if possible and always wash your hands
afterward.
First Aid for Severe Bleeding
Tips for treating a victim with sever bleeding include:
Lie the person down.
Elevate the wounded body part above the victim’s heart if there are no broken bones.
Apply direct, steady pressure to the wound with a clean cloth. Do not press too hard.
Once the bleeding has stopped, cover the wound with a clean cloth.
Get medical help immediately.
First Aid for Choking
Choking is a condition that occurs when a person’s
airway becomes blocked.
A chocking victim can die in minutes because air
cannot get to the lungs.
First Aid for Choking
If you know someone is choking, begin using
abdominal thrusts.
abdominal thrusts Quick upward pulls into the diaphragm
to force out the object blocking the airway
First Aid for Poisoning
If you think someone has swallowed poison, call 911,
EMS, or your local poison control center.
poison control center A community agency that helps people
deal with poisoning emergencies
The inside cover of your phone book should list the
phone number of the poison control center.
First Aid for Poisoning
Take these steps while waiting for help to arrive.
Keep the person warm and breathing.
Remove extra traces of poison from the person’s mouth with a damp, clean cloth.
Save the container of the poison to show the ambulance team.
Prepare to tell the emergency team all you know about what happened.
First Aid for Burns
Treatment for a first-degree burn includes:
Cooling the burned area with cold water (not ice) for at least 15 minutes
Wrapping the burned area loosely in a clean, dry dressing
first-degree burn A burn in which only the outer part
of the skin is burned and turns red
First Aid for Burns
Treatment for a second-degree burn includes:
Cooling the burned area with cold water (not ice)
Elevating the burned area
Wrapping the burned area loosely in a clean, dry dressing
Seeing a doctor
second-degree burn A serious type of burn in which
the damaged area blisters or peels
First Aid for Burns
Treatment for a third-degree burn includes:
Cooling the burn with cold water or by applying a wet cloth
Not applying ice or ointments
Removing clothing that may stick to the burned area while applying cold water
Wrapping the burned area loosely with a clean, dry dressing and call 911
third-degree burn A very serious burn in which deeper layers of
skin and nerve endings are damaged
First Aid for Breaks and Sprains
Take these steps when helping someone who fractured a bone.
Ask if the person heard a snap or if touching the injured area hurts.
If unsure, treat the person as if they have a broken bone and call 911.
If there is bleeding, apply pressure with a clean cloth.
Do not attempt to straighten out the injured part.
Avoid moving the person.
First Aid for Breaks and Sprains
A sprain occurs when a joint is stretched or twisted
or has torn ligaments.
Sprains are often sports-related.
Lesson 5 Review
What I Learned
Recall What is the universal sign for choking?
Lesson 5 Review
What I Learned
List Briefly give the steps in controlling severe bleeding.
Lesson 5 Review
What I Learned
Vocabulary What’s the difference between a first- and
second-degree burn?
Lesson 5 Review
Thinking Critically
Evaluate What steps can be taken to reduce poisoning
risks in homes with small children?
Lesson 5 Review
Thinking Critically
Apply Ken and Phil see and older student collapse to
the ground. Using the CHECK-CALL-CARE strategy,
show how Ken and Phil should respond to this
emergency.
End of
Chapter 12
Safety and the
Environment
Lesson 5
First Aid for Emergencies
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