Sociology Exam Review
Chapter 1-5, 7
Name the Social Science
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Studies human society and social behavior
Studies people and events of the past
Studies behavior and mental processes
Comparatively studies past and present
cultures
• Studies the organization and operation of
government
Name the Perspective
• Focuses on how individuals interact with one
another in society
• Focuses on forces in society that promote
competition and change
• Focuses on gender inequality
• Believes society is held together by consensus
• Views society as a set of interrelated parts
that work together to produce a stable social
system
Name the Scholar
• He was expelled from Paris for believing workers
would eventually revolt and create a classless
society
• She set up Hull House in Chicago to assist the
poor
• He was the founder of Sociology
• He believed that ideas about observable
phenomena can be tested using statistical
analysis; first to use science to study society
• He helped found the NAACP and studied the
significance of race in US society
Roles and Statuses
• Status that plays the greatest role in shaping a
person’s life
• Process through which people go through to
detach from a role central to their identity;
example divorce
• Assigned status based on qualities beyond a
person’s control
• Socially determined behaviors expected of a
person performing a role
• Term for different roles attached to a single status
Name the type of group
• This type of group has structure, goals and
activities that are clearly defined
• A circle of friends is an example of this type of
group
• Group where people interact regularly on the
internet; facebook and myspace on examples
• A group a person belongs to and identifies with
that has 3 characteristics: symbols, positive view
of themselves, and competition with other
groups
• A group a person identifies with
Socialization
• This agent of socialization is the most important in
almost every society
• Term for the untamed children with few human
characteristics, and no reasoning or manners due to
their social isolation
• This theory of socialization refers to the interactive
process in which we develop our image of ourselves
based on how we imagine we appear to others
• Playing dress up and taking part in organized sports are
important steps in this theory of socialization
• This theory of socialization suggests that each of us is
born without a personality and it develops from social
experience
Personality
• The sum total of the behaviors, attitudes, and
beliefs that are characteristic to an individual;
don’t think too hard
• This is a biologically unchanging inherited
behavior pattern
• Capacity to learn a certain skill like being good at
tennis
• Break with past experiences and learning new
values and norms; happens in jail
• This sociology career focuses on how genetic
makeup impacts your behavior
Dating and Adolescence
• Main purpose of this type of dating is to find a
spouse
• Main purpose of this type of dating is for
entertainment and status
• On the dating continuum – what has the highest
level of commitment?
• What percent of new HPV, Chlamydia, and genital
herpes cases occur among 14 – 19 year olds?
• What characteristic of adolescence is missing?
biological growth and development, undefined
status, increased pressures, search for self
Sanctions
• Punishment or threat of punishment used to
enforce conformity
• A reward or punishment given by a regulatory
agency, a school, a business, or a government
• Spontaneous expression of approval or
disapproval by an individual or group
• Process by which a norm becomes a part of an
individual's personality
• Enforcing norms through either internal or
external means
Type of Crime
• Homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault
• Fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, insider
trading
• Prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use
• Drug trafficking or illegal gambling as part of a
large-scale crime syndicate
• Burglary, larceny, arson
Give me an ‘S’
• Process in which you learn appropriate gender
roles
• Group of interdependent people who have
organized to share a common culture; this word
is NOT interchangeable with culture
• Rewards or punishments that are used to enforce
conformity
• Group with status and roles that are organized to
satisfy one or more needs of society
• Observable fact or event that involves human
society
Interaction
• Deliberate attempt to control or oppose
someone; has little or no rules of conduct
• Social interaction term for a balance between
competition and cooperation; compromise is an
example
• Action of doing something for someone after that
person has done something for you
• Name for the smallest group possible; means two
• Goffman’s idea that individuals attempt to play
roles well and we judge the performances of
others
Culture
• Tendency to view one’s own culture and group
as superior; can lead to discrimination
• The development of economic and social
relationships that stretch around the world
• Process in which cultures become more and
more alike
• These ensure fulfillment of some need and are
common in all cultures
• Education and technology are emphasized in
this type of society
Intro to Behavior
• Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to
act in specific situations; US examples are
financial responsibility and to shake hands when
introduced
• Intended and recognized consequence of some
element of society
• Unintended and unrecognized consequence of
some element of society
• Most serious norms are formalized into these:
folkways – mores - __________
• Situation that arise when the norms of society
are unclear or no longer applicable