Foot
 The foot is the metrical unit by which a
line of poetry is measured; it usually
consists of one stressed or accented ( ' )
and one or two unstressed or unaccented
syllables ( - ).
Source:
A Handbook of Terms for Discussing Poetry
Name of Foot Name of Meter
Measure
Iamb
Iambic
-'
Trochee
Trochaic
'-
Anapest
Anapestic
--'
Dactyl
Dactylic
'--
Spondee
Spondaic
''
Pyrrhus
Pyrrhic
--
Line
 The secondary unit of measurement, the
line, is measured by naming the number
of feet in it.
A line that ends with a stressed syllable is
said to have a masculine ending and a
line that ends with an extra syllable is said
to have a feminine ending.
 One foot
 Two feet
 Three feet
 Four feet
 Five feet
 Six feet
 Seven feet
 Eight feet
Monometer
Dimeter
Trimeter
Tetrameter
Pentameter
Hexameter
Heptameter
Octameter
Stanza
 The stanza consists of a group of
lines whose metrical pattern is
repeated throughout the poem.
Patterns of Traditional Poems
 Ballad is a long singing poem that
tells a story (usually of love or
adventure), written in quatrains four lines alternatively of four and
three feet - the third line may have
internal rhymes. (民謠 ）
 Blank Verse is made up of
unrhymed iambic pentameter lines.
（無韻詩)
 Elegy is a lyric poem written to
commemorate someone who is dead. (輓歌)
 Epigram is a brief, pointed, and witty poem
of no prescribed form. (詼諧短詩)
 Free Verse has no identifiable meter,
although the lines may have a rhymescheme.
 Lyric is a poem of emotional intensity and
expresses powerful feelings.
 Heroic Couplet is two lines of rhyming
iambic pentameters. (英雄詩體)
 Narrative form is used to tell a story; it is
usually made of ballad stanzas - four
lines alternatively of four and three feet.
 Ode, English in origin, is a poem of
indefinite length, divided in 10-line
stanzas, rhymed, with different schemes
for each stanza - ababcdecde, written in
iambic meter. (Keats’s “Ode to Autumn”)
 Parody is a humorous imitation of a
serious poem.
 Sonnet is a fourteen line poem. The Italian or
Petrarchan has two stanzas: the first of eight
lines is called octave and has the rhymescheme abba abba; the second of six lines is
called the sestet and has the rhyme cdecde or
cdcdcd. The Spenserian sonnet, developed by
Edmund Spenser, has three quatrains and a
heroic couplet, in iambic pentameter with
rhymes ababbcbccdcdee. The English sonnet,
developed by Shakespeare, has three
quatrains and a heroic couplet, in iambic
pentameter with rhymes ababcdcdefefgg.
Nothing Gold Can Stay
Nature’s first green is gold,
Her hardest hue to hold.
Her early leaf’s a flower;
But only so an hour.
Then leaf subsides to leaf.
So Eden sank to Grief,
So dawn goes down to day.
Nothing gold can stay.
Q&A
 Who wrote the poem?
A: Robert Frost.
What’s the rhyme pattern of the poem?
A: aa bb cc dd
What’s the theme of the poem?
A: The fleeting of time.
 Poets use figures of speech to make
their poetry more interesting and to
create imagery.
An image is a mental picture that is
created by words. The poet tries to paint
a picture in our minds by his choice of
words.
What are similes?
 Similes are comparisons using "like" or
"as".
 The poet compares two things that have
something in common. Notice these two
things must belong to different classes.
Otherwise, it is not simile.
 A simile is like a double mirror.
What are metaphors?
 A metaphor is similar to a simile, but it is
an indirect comparison, not using like or
as.
Identify which one uses simile
and which one uses metaphor.
 1. All world’s a stage,
 And all the men and women merely players;
 They have their exits and their entrances;

And one man in his time plays many parts.
 2. Fanny’s hands felt as cold as ice.
 3.Her eyes are shining like stars.
Identify which one uses simile and
which one uses metaphor.
 1. You are my sunshine.
 2. 我韃韃的馬蹄是美麗的錯誤
 3.我是天空裡的一片雲
 4.你就像那冬天裡的一把火
 5. Her early leaf’s a flower
 6.In the tower the bell



is alone, like a man
in his room
thinking and thinking
What is personification?
 Personification is when we give a
non-human thing human qualities actions, thoughts, feelings, and
habits.
 We need to see what quality has been
given, and why.
Try to identify how Wordsworth used
similes, metaphors, or personification.
 1. Simile:


Wordsworth compared himself to a cloud.
 By this comparison, the poet becomes part
of nature and therefore may dance together with
the daffodils.
2. Metaphor
 Wordsworth thought of the daffodils as people
who are dancing and shaking their heads in
the wind to welcome the poet.
3. personification
 A. The clouds wander, and the waves
dance, but most of his attention is focused
on the daffodils. He refers to them as a
"crowd," a "host," and a "company," all
words that refer to groups of people, not
flowers. They dance and toss their heads.
 B. But, most importantly, they express
emotions, merriment or cheerfulness
("jocund"), and "glee." This is pathetic
fallacy; the flowers are expressing the
mood of the poet.
A. Choose a topic.
Your topic should be about "love," any kind
of love, such as "my love toward
(someone)," "My (adjective ) love" "Our
teacher's love." Exercise your imagination
to create your own topic.
B. Next, try to create your poem by
answering the following questions.
(1) What is your topic?
(2) What season does it make you think of?
(3) What color is it?
(4) What would it sound like?
(5) What would it smell like?
(6) What would it taste like?
(7) What does it make you feel like?
(8) How are you going to deal with it?
C. Follow the order.
 (1) _______________
 (2) ___________________
 (3) _____________________
 (4) ________________________
 (5) _________________________
 (6) ______________________
 (7) ___________________
 (8) _______________
Why “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”?
1.It shows Wordsworth's reverence for Nature.
2. It contains a transcendental moment.
3. It is a conversational poem,.
4. It expresses his appreciation of memory.
5. It is also written as people actually speak
which is another important characteristic of
Romantic poetry in general and Wordsworth
in particular.
Wordsworth exhibits his reverence for
nature through his use of
personification.
 Personification is the giving of human
characteristics to inanimate things.
The clouds wander, and the waves dance,
but most of his attention is focused on the
daffodils. He refers to them as a "crowd," a
"host," and a "company," all words that
refer to groups of people, not flowers. They
dance and toss their heads,.
 But, most importantly, they express
emotions, merriment or cheerfulness
("jocund"), and "glee." This is pathetic
fallacy; the flowers are expressing the
mood of the poet.
 He feels joyful looking at their beauty
and transfers that feeling on to the
flowers themselves.
 The poem is in first person, "I," and it
can be assumed that the first person
speaker is the poet, another
characteristic of Romantic poetry.
 He is wandering as a cloud. He is
above this beautiful field of daffodils,
looking down on them. Their beauty
and his imagination have created a
transcendental moment. He has left
his physical body and is floating
above the earth.
 The poem is also a conversational
poem. Wordsworth first describes in
stanzas one and two the natural
scene that he is reflecting on, the field
of daffodils. He then describes in
stanza three the feelings that this
scene evokes in him: joy, happiness,
peace, calm. Finally in stanza four, he
meditates on the importance of this
moment in his life.
 In the last stanza, he tells us that when he is
"in vacant and pensive mood," depressed and
thoughtful, the daffodils "flash upon that
inward eye." That "inward eye" is memory.
Memory is the "bliss of solitude." When we are
alone and feeling down, we turn to our
memories of happier times to make us feel
better. He didn't realize the "wealth" of this
experience at the time that he had it, but his
memory of the daffodils helps heal him. Day
dreaming or imagining he is in this earlier,
happier emotional place helps him get through
the less pleasant times in his life.