History of Philosophy
Modern philosophy
 Early modern philosophy
 Later modern philosophy
 New modern philosophy
Early Modern Philosophy
 Era of 17th to 18th Century
 18th Century (Age of Enlightenment ) a cultural
movement of intellectuals in 18th century in Europe and
America whose purpose was to reform society and advance
knowledge. Printing press played supporting role of
spreading new knowledge.
 Modern philosophy is distinguished from its predecessors
by its increasing independence from traditional authorities
such as the Church, academia, and Aristotelians; a new
focus on the foundations of knowledge and metaphysical
system-building; and the emergence of modern physics out
of natural philosophy
Famous philosopher in early modern period
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
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Pierre Nicole (1625-1695)
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Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)
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Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688)
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)
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Rene’ Descartes(1564-1642)
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Antonie Arnauld (1612-1694)
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Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655)
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Richard Cumberland (1631-1718)
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Marin Mersenne (1588-1648)
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Jacques Rohault (1617-1672)
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Baltasar Gracia’n (1601-1648)
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Simon Foucher (1644-1696)
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Queen Kristina (1626-1689)
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Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
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Pierre de Fermat (1601-1655)
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Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715)
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Robert Filmer (1588-1653)
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Samuel von Pufendor (1632-1694)
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1653)
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Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
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Joseph Glanvill (1636-1680)
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Issac Newton (1643-1727)
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Arnold Geulincx (1624-1669)
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
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John Toland (1670-1722)
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Henry More (1614-1687)
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Pierre Bayle (1647-1706)
Early Modern period
Francis Bacon (1561–1626): Bacon has been called the creator of
empiricism and established and popularized inductive methodologies
for scientific inquiry. Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that asserts
that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience,
emphasizes the role of experience and evidence
Hugo Grotius (1583-1645): Natural law is a system of law
which is determined by nature. It is contrasted with the
positive law (man made law). It is like synonymously with
natural right (property right etc).
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Supported to Heliocentirsm
(astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve
around Sun). It was opposed to geocentrism (Earth center).
Early modern period contd..
 Pierre Gassend (1592-1655): Atomism is a natural
philosophy that developed in several ancient
traditions. The atomists theorized that the natural
world consists of two fundamental parts: indivisible
atoms and empty void.
 Pascol (1623-1662): Scientific method: : "a method
or procedure that has characterized natural science
since the 17th century, consisting in systematic
observation, measurement, and experiment, and the
formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
Probability : Theory of chance.
Early modern period contd..
 Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715): Occasiionalism is
theory of causation. All events are taken to be caused
directly by God.
 Issac Newton (1643-1727): described universal
gravitation and the three laws of motion.
 Adam Smith (1723-1790): The wealth of Nations,
economic theory at the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution and argues that free market economics,
classical economics.
Early modern period contd..
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1718): Romanticism, it
is artistic, literacy and intellectual movement,
influenced the French Revolution.
 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Metaphysics ( what is
there, what is like) , he tried to resolve disputes
between empirical and rationalist approaches.
Early modern period contd..
 Richard Cumberland (1631-1718): Utilitarianism, he
proper course of action is the one that maximizes
overall "happiness".
 Simon Foucher (1644-1696): Skepticism, refers to
the critical analysis of claims lacking empirical
evidence
 Christian Wolf (1679-1754): Determinism is a
philosophy stating that for everything that happens
there are conditions such that, given them, nothing
else could happen.
Famous philosopher in later modern period
Samuel Clarke (1675–1729).
Shaftesbury (1671–1713).
John Norris (1657–1711).
Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716).
George Berkeley (1685–753). .
Catherine Cockburn (1679–1749).
Giambattista Vico (1668–1744).
Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733).
Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746).
Joseph Butler (1692–1752).
Christian Wolff (1679–754).
John Gay (philosopher) (1699–1745).
David Hume (1711–1776).
Julien La Mettrie (1709–1751).
David Hartley (1705–1757).
Charles de Secondat, (1689–1755).
Richard Price (1723–1791).
Jean d'Alembert (1717–1783).
Voltaire (1694–1778).
Denis Diderot (1713–1784).
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Denis Diderot (1713–1784).
John Wesley (1703–1791).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778).
Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789). .
Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–1771).
Adam Smith (1723–1790).
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826).
Thomas Reid (1710–1796).
Lessing (1729–1781).
Edmund Burke (1729–1797).
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804).
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797).
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832).
Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786).
Sylvain Maréchal (1750–1803)
Dugald Stewart (1753–1828).
William Godwin (1756–1836).
Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805).
William Paley (1743–1805).
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814).
Later Modern Philosophy
 Era of 19th Century
 After the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, other
philosophers worked on his issues
 Positivism, materialism, pragmatism , existentialism,
post-structuralism
 Increasing mathematical precision opened entire fields
of inference
Later Modern Philosophy contd..
 George Wilhelum Freiedrich Hegal (1770-1831): The word
"idealism", is that the properties we discover in objects
depend on the way that those objects appear to us as
perceiving subjects, and not something they possess "in
themselves," apart from our experience of them.
 Kark Marx (1818-1883): The communist Manifesto, Capital:
Dialectical materialism
 William James (1842-1919): Pragmatism: process where
theory is extracted from practice, and applied back to
practice.
Later Modern Philosophy contd..
 Arthur Schopenhaur (1788-1860): Pessimism is a state of mind in
which one anticipates negative outcomes. The most common example
of this phenomenon is the "Is the glass half empty or half full?"
situation. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865): Anarchism is generally
defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be
undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful,
 Susan Brownell Anthony (1820-1906): Feminism is a collection of
movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending
equal political, economic, and social rights for women. In addition,
feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in
education and employment. A feminist is a "person whose beliefs and
behavior are based on feminism."
Later Modern Philosophy contd..
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Psychoanalysis: human behavior, experience and
cognition are largely determined by irrational drives, those drives are largely
unconscious.
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Carl Jung (1875-1961): Founder of analytical psychology: unconsciousness, and
beyond unconsciousness.
New modern philosophy
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George Santayana (1863–1952).
Bertrand Russell (1872–1970).
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951).
Giovanni Gentile (1875–1944).
Georg Lukács (1885–1971).
C. D. Broad (1887–1971).
A.O. Lovejoy (1873–1962).
W.D. Ross (1877–1971).
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955
Hans Kelsen (1881–1973).
Moritz Schlick (1882–1936).
Otto Neurath (1882–1945).
Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930)..
Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945).
Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950).
Karl Barth (1886–1968).
Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976).
Kurt Gödel (1906–1978).
Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957).
Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937).
Roman Ingarden (1893–1970).
C.I. Lewis (1883–1964).
Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962).
A.J. Ayer (1910–1989).
Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959).
Jacques Maritain (1882–1973).
José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955).
Alfred Tarski (1901–1983).
Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970).
Hart (1907–1992).
Willard van Orman Quine (1908–2000).
Brand Blanshard (1892–1987).
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H.H. Price (1899–1984).
Susanne Langer (1895–1985).
J.L. Austin (1911–1960).
Albert Camus (1913–1960).
Mortimer Adler (1902–2001).
Karl Jaspers (1905–1982).
Ayn Rand (1905–1982). .
C.L. Stevenson (1908–1979).
Theodor Adorno (1903–1969).
Alan Turing (1912–1954).
H.A. Prichard (1871–1947).
Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973)..
Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979).
Simone Weil (1909–1943).
Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986).
J. L. Mackie (1917–1981)..
Donald Davidson (1917–2003).
P. F. Strawson (1919–2006).
R. M. Hare (1919–2002).
John Rawls (1921–2002).
Frantz Fanon (1925–1961).
Michel Foucault (1926–1984).
Hilary Putnam (born 1926).
David Malet Armstrong (born 1926).
John Howard Yoder (1927–1997).
Noam Chomsky (born 1928).
Jürgen Habermas (born 1929).
Jaakko Hintikka (born 1929).
Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929).
Jacques Derrida (1930–2004).
Richard Rorty (1931–2007). .
Robert Nozick (1938–2002).
John Searle (born 1932).
New modern philosophy
 Philosophy of 20th & 21th
 Philosophy become professional discipline
 Humanity approach
New modern philosophy
 Bernad Russel (1872-1970): Analytic philosophy
is a philosophy practice in 20th century in USA,
UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. It emphasis
on clarity and argument. It is developed form
formal logic.
 Giovanni Gentile (1874-1944): Fascism is radical
political ideology. It believes nation based on
commitment to national community where
individuals are united . Nation through discipline,
physical training and national culture and
eradicate foreign influences.
New modern philosophy contd..
 W.D. Ross (1877–1971): Deontological ethics or deontology is the
ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the
action's adherence to a rule or rules. It is sometimes described as "duty"
or "obligation" or "rule" -based ethics, because rules "bind you to your
duty".
 Jaques Maritain (1882-1973): Human rights are commonly understood
as fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply
because she or he is human being. It is applicable everywhere and
everyone. It is natural rights or legal rights in national or international.
Michel Foucault (1926-1984): Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm
that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms
of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or
"structure." Structuralism argued that human culture may be
understood by means of a structure-—modeled on language. Poststructuralism denied it.
New modern philosophy contd..
 Postmodernism is a general and wide-ranging term which is
applied to many disciplines, including literature, art, philosophy,
architecture, fiction Postmodernism is largely a reaction to the
assumed certainty of scientific or objective efforts to explain
reality. In essence, it is based on the position that reality is not
mirrored in human understanding of it, but is rather
constructed as the mind tries to understand its own personal
reality. Postmodernism is therefore skeptical of explanations
which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or
races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person.
In the postmodern understanding, interpretation is everything;
reality only comes into being through our interpretations of what
the world means to us individually. Postmodernism relies on
concrete experience over abstract principles, arguing that the
outcome of one's own experience will necessarily be fallible and
relative, rather than certain and universal