Upper extremity
• Consists of shoulder
girdle, upper arms, lower
arms, wrists, & hand.
Shoulder girdle
• Shoulder girdle: clavicle & scapula
• Forms ONE joint with trunk called
sternoclavicalar joint: sternum & clavicle.
• Sternum joins with clavicle at the acromial end.
• Scapula attaches to the trunk by MUSCLES,
not a bony joint.
Head
Humerus
• Upper arm bone
• Long bone
• Proximally, the head of
the humerus
articulates with the with
scapula & the
capitulum of the
humerus articulates
with the radius & ulna
Capitulum
Forearm
• Radius (on thumb side) & ulna (on pinkie side)
• Ulna articulates proximally with humerus &
radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk.
– Does NOT articulate with carpal bones.
• Radius articulates proximally with humerus and
ulna.
• Radius articulates distally with head of ulna,
and 2 carpal bones (scaphoid & lunate)
Fibrocartilaginous disk between
ulna and carpals.
Carpal bones
• 8 bones
• Ligiments bind
carpals in 2 rows of
4 bones:
– Pisiform;
triquetrum; lunate;
scaphoid
– Hamate; capitate;
trapezoid;
trapezium
Metacarpals
• 5 metacarpals
• Wide range of
movement
between
thumb
metacarpals &
trapezium.
• Heads of
metacarpals
articulate with
phalanges.
Trapezium
Lower extremity
• Hip, thigh, lower leg,
ankle, & foot constitute
lower extremities.
Pelvic Girdle
• Ligaments bind the coxal bones (hips) to
the sacrum posteriorly and to each other
anteriorly.
• Ilium makes up the upper part of the hip
• Ischium is lower
• Pubis is lower mid portion of hip
– Joint between coxal bones called symphysis
pubis softens prior to delivery of a baby.
Ilium
Ischium
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/learnem/bones/main_bone.htm
Pubis
symphysis pubis
Male vs Female
• Male
– tilted backward
– narrow pelvic inlet
– Pubic arch less than
90 degree angle
– narrow and long
sacrum
– immovable coccyx
– thick and heavy bones
• Female
– Tilted forward
– Wide, oval pelvic inlet
– Pubic arch more than
90 degrees
– Wider and shorter
sacrum
– movable coccyx
– thin and light bones
Male
Female
Femurs
• Longest & heaviest bones
• Articulates with coxals & tibia
Patella
• Located in the tendon of the quadriceps.
Lower leg
• Tibia: largest & stronger of the two lower
leg bones
– Proximally articulates with femur to form knee
joint
– Distally articulates with fibula and tallus
• Fibula: smaller
– Proximally articulates with lateral condyle of
tibia
lateral condyle
Foot
• Strong ligaments and tendons hold foot
bones together
– This gives foot an arch
– When they weaken, flat foot results
• Tarsals: calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3
cuneiforms, cuboid.
• Metatarsal: 5
– Articulate with phalanges