CHAPTER 3
Crisis and Change
1675 – 1720
“I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just. . .
his justice cannot sleep forever.”
Thomas Jefferson [early 1800s]
Historiography of Slavery
 Carter G. Woodson, Journal of Negro History (beginning in 1920s)
 W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935)
 Ulrich B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (1918), Life and Labor in
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the Old South (1929)
Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts (1943)
John Hope Franklin, From Slavery To Freedom (1947)
Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution (1956)
Alfred Conrad & John Meyer, The Economics of Slavery in the
Antebellum South (Journal of Political Economy, 1958)
Stanley Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and
Intellectual Life (1959) [“Sambo steriotype & Nazi genocide”
Lerone Bennett, Jr., Before the Mayflower
John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community (1972)
Robert W. Fogel & Stanley Engermann, Time On The Cross: The
Economics of American Slavery (1974)
Eugene Genovese, The Political Economy of Slavery (1965); Roll,
Jordan, Roll (1974)
Keith Aufhauser, Slavery and Technological Change (Journal of
Economic History, 1974)
Herbert Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom (1976)
Don Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case (1978)
Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long (1979)
Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Households: Black and
White Women of the Old South (1988)
Robert W. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of
American Slavery (1989)
Introduction
 How slavery is taught today in West Africa today
 W.E.B. DuBois, Booker T. Washington
 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676, led to importation of slaves
 Stanley Elkins – “sambo” and Nazi Holocaust + People of
Plenty, by David Potter [UCSB’s Dr. Roderick Nash used them]
 Robert Fogel
 Future chapters -- 1839, Amistad // 1831 Nat Turner
 Malcolm X – house verse field Negroes and MLK, Jr. in 1950s and
1960a
Text Identifications
 Metacom
 William Penn
 Glorious Revolution
 Half-way covenant
 Praying towns
 Nathaniel Bacon
 Dominion of New England
 Sir Edmund Andros
 Salem Witch Trials, 1692
 Middle passage
Review Questions
• Explain the events leading to the Glorious Revolution, and briefly
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explain its impact on the colonies.
Explain the social, cultural, and political tensions that led to a
series of rebellions against authority in the various colonies, and
the 1692 witchcraft episode in Salem.
Explain the development of William Penn’s “holy experiment,” and
compare Quaker relations with Native Americans with their
treatment in other American colonies.
Discuss the rise and entrenchment of slavery in British America.
Explain how geography & climate shaped slave life.
Trace the economic development of the British colonies, and explain
how mercantilism helped shape the social and cultural identities of
New England and the Chesapeake.
Explain the Africanization of the South and the two-way
acculturation process in North America.
Africanization of the South
 Acculturation occurred in two directions--English influenced
Africans and Africans influenced English.
 Africanization was evident in:
 cooking: barbecue, fried chicken, black-eyed peas, and
collard greens;
 material culture: basket weaving, wood carving, and
architecture;
 language: yam, banjo, tote, buddy; and
 music and dance: banjo.
 English influence in religion
 Between ten and eleven million African slaves came to the
New World
 Only one in twenty Africans--approximately 600,000-were transported to what became the United States.
I.
Rebellions and War
 Religious unrest increases, especially between Puritans and Quakers
 King Philip’s War leads to loss for Indians
 Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia challenges colonial government but is
crushed
 Unsuccessful Pueblo revolt [Popé] also takes place against Spanish
in Southwest
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King Philip's War Club
This ball-headed war club, carved of maple wood, is thought to have been
owned by King Philip, who led a confederation of Wampanoags and other
New England Indians in a war against the colonists in 1675–1676. It is inlaid
on both sides with pieces of white and purple wampum, which supposedly
represented the number of English and Indian enemies killed.
King Philip [Metacomet] chief in 1661 – Massachusetts war in 1675
Bacon confronting Governor Berkeley, 1676
New Mexico c. 1680
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
II.
William Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
 Penn has grand plans to establish Pennsylvania as haven for Quakers
and place for him to gain wealth
 Colony is successful, but not for Penn
 Quakers – Uncle Ed Bailey in Whittier, CA in 1920s and 1930s
Quaker meeting in England [George Fox preached of “inner light”]
William Penn landing at New Castle in 1682
William Penn [1644 – 1718]
William Penn receiving land grant from Charles II
Penn’s 1681 pamphlet promoting Pennsylvania
City grid for Philadelphia in 1684
William Penn
No colonial proprietor was
more idealistic than William
Penn, shown here in a portrait
made in about 1698 by Francis
Place. Penn wanted
Pennsylvania to be a place of
peace, prosperity, and religious
toleration – especially for his
fellow Quakers. The colony
eventually became an
economic success but failed to
achieve the social harmony
that Penn had wanted.
AP/Wide World Photos.
A Letter Written by William Penn
A letter written by
William Penn on
February 21, 1682, to
native American
Indians below an
illustration depicting
their treaty.
1830 “Peaceable Kingdom” by Edward Hicks representing Penn’s ideal society
III.
The Glorious Revolution and Its Aftermath
 Charles II revokes Massachusetts charter and establishes the
hated Dominion of New England
 Revolutions occur in 1689, both in England and in the colonies
 Social upheaval contributes to witchcraft hysteria in Salem,
Massachusetts
Catholic Sir Edmund Andros of Massachusetts
Jacob Leisler of New York
King James II flees – Glorious Revolution of 1688
Mary II, daughter of James II, wife of King William of Orange
William of Orange, William III of England [1650 – 1702]
IV.
Wars and Rivalry for North America
 English colonists in Carolinas invade Guale and Florida to gain control
of trade centers
 French begin exploration and settlement of Louisiana
 Conflict in Canada leads to Queen Anne’s War, and its end gives
French much power in Canada and Ohio Valley
King William’s War 1689 – beginning 75 years of war between England & France
John Locke [1632 – 1704], helped design “Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina”
North America in 1700
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Southeastern North America in Early 18th Century
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Spanish and French Missions in Seventeenth-Century North
America
A
C
Spanish Franciscans in New
Mexico (A) and Florida (B) and
French Jesuits in New France (C)
devoted considerable effort to
converting native peoples to
Catholic Christianity.
B
Jesuit missionary
This Jesuit missionary, wearing
his distinctive Catholic vestments,
is baptizing an Indian in New
France. French Jesuits proved to
be more tolerant than most
European missionaries in allowing
Indian converts to retain at least
some of their own customs.
Courtesy of Library of Congress
V.
The Entrenchment of Slavery in British
America
 Aside from feelings of cultural superiority, British enslave Africans
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mainly because Native Americans die in large numbers
“Middle Passage” brings millions of Africans to the Americas
Slavery develops in different ways, based on type of labor needed
Slave rebellions occur rarely, but most resistance is less aggressive
(e.g., feigned illness, theft, crop destruction)
A few colonists, notably the Quakers, begin to question morality of
slavery
Jamestown Slavery, 1619
Fourteen men and six women
from Guinea arriving on a Dutch
ship at Jamestown, Virginia, in
August 1619, the beginning of
Negro slavery in the American
colonies. (colored engraving,
19th century).
African Origins of North American Slaves, 1690–1807
Nearly all slaves in English North America were West Africans. Most
had been captured or purchased by African slave traders, who then sold
them to European merchants.
Olaudah Equiano
 In 1756, Olaudah Equiano was eleven years old and living with
his family in Nigeria.
 He was captured by African slave raiders and transported to
America.
 Purchased first by a Virginia tobacco planter and later by an
English sea captain, Equiano served as a slave for ten years
before buying his freedom.
 He published his autobiography in 1789 as part of his dedication
to the antislavery cause.
Olaudah Equiano
The freed slave Olaudah Equiano appears in this 1780 portrait by an unknown
artist. After purchasing his freedom, Equiano wrote a vivid account of his capture in
Africa and his life in slavery. One of the first such accounts to be published (in 1789),
this narrative testified to slavery’s injustice and Equiano’s own fortitude. “Portrait of a
Negro Man, Olaudah Equiano,” 1780s (previously attributed to jashua Reynolds) by
English School (18th c.). Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, Devon,
UK/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York.
Slave trade
As this nineteenth-century engraving indicates, slaves were often subjected
to humiliating physical inspections so that potential buyers could be
convinced of their good health and strength.
African traditions
This eighteenth-century painting from South Carolina records the
preservation of certain African traditions in American slave communities.
The dance may be Yoruba in origin, while the stringed instrument and drum
were probably modeled on African instruments.
VI.
Economic Developments in the British
Colonies
 Northern economies concentrate of fishing and shipping
 Seaports become places of great activity, despite problems of
congestion
 Plantations of Chesapeake and South Carolina become more
prosperous, largely due to use of slave labor