• IB Syllabus Says:
Principles Demonstrated:
• Human beings are social animals and we want connectedness with, and a sense of belonging to others
• The social and cultural environment influences the individuals behavior
• Humans are social animals and we construct our conceptions of the individual and social self

• Imagine you are sitting in a restaurant, waiting for your date to show up. He or she is late.
• Most people would look for explanations of why he or she has not arrived yet….. What would these be?......
• Make a comprehensive list of reasons why……in a realistic way!

• Social Cognition: how we think and understand social situations
• Definition: Attribution: How people interpret and explain causal relationships in the world. The process of deciding what caused behavior
• Heider (1958) was one of the first people to study attribution theory.
He concluded that when people are trying to understand behavior, they are acting like naive psychologists.
• We don’t simply passively observe our own and others actions, but actively seek to explain them. From observing peoples actions people make inferences about intentions and responsibility

• People tend to make an attribution about behavior depending on whether they are performing it themselves or observing somebody
else doing it. This is known as the actor-observer effect.
• When people discuss their own behavior they tend to attribute it to
situational factors – that is, something to do with external factors –
The social situation/ circumstances they were experiencing were
responsible, the cause seems to be due to some external influence – i.e. environmental factors, other people, chance
• When people observe someone else's behavior, they are more likely to attribute it to with dispositional factors – that is, something to do with personal (internal factors) The person performing the actions
was responsible - The causes of the action are due to some aspect of the individual - i.e. their personality, ability, mood

1. Look at the list of reasons you made earlier
2. Put a “D” next to the reason if it is dispositional and put a
“S” next to the reason if it is situational
3. Which one do you have more of? Any cross cultural differences?
4. Review: Using a real life example explain the difference between situational and dispositional attributions

Zimbardo’s et al. (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE)
• This is a classic study which is still relevant today.
• In 2004 U.S. Military personnel committed numerous abuses against prisoner held and the Abu Ghraib.
• How could the prison guards act in such a way even when they say they would never do anything to harm another person.
• He argues that ‘belonging needs’ (A key principle of the LOA) of the guards quickly turns into conformity to the ‘social norm’ of the group they were in
• In his book The Lucifer Effect (2007) Zimbardo revisits the SPE in to examine the power of the situation.

Zimbardo’s et al (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE)
• Zimbardo believes that most people underestimate the influence of the
situational factors on behavior.
• There is a tendency for western (individualist) (Eastern –collectivist-
situational more important) societies to attribute behavior to
dispositional factors, and in everyday life it appears as if unacceptable behavior must come from something inside the person.
• Zimbardo believes that people have a ‘good/evil’ dichotomy which emphasizes fixed dispositional factors in explaining behavior
• Rather than viewing our personal attributes as fixed, Zimbardo believes that it is more realistic to think of our attributes in degrees, such as the degree of evil or honest the we show in different situations
• According to Zimbardo (2007) “people and situations are usually in a state of dynamic tension. Although you probably think of yourself as having a consistent personality across time and space that is likely not be true”

Attribution
Zimbardo’s (1971) Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE)
Activity:
• Read about the SPE and complete the key study sheet on the topic
• Pay particular attention to the Essential Question: What does the study tell us about the role of situational and dispositional factors? (make reference to the results from the Comrey
Personality Scales and Mood Adjective Self-Report)
• We will then discuss this as a class

• As the major assignment for this section on sociocultural
cognition, you will complete 3 SAQs on Monday and Tuesday next week
• 2 SAQs in Mondays class and 1 in Tuesdays class (because they are short lessons)
• 20 minutes per SAQ, but some of these will include the evaluation command terms (usually in the LAQ) however, they should all be the length of SAQs
• Activity: You should work together in groups or on your own to prepare model answers to all these questions, so that you can review for the Major Assessment next week

Textbook pages: 101 to 110
•(Explain/ Describe/ Outline/ Analyze/distinguish between) the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour.
• (Discuss/ Examine/ Evaluate/Compare/Contrast/Compare & contrast) two errors in attributions.
• (Discuss/ Examine/ Evaluate) social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.
• (Explain/ Describe/ Outline/ Analyze) the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behaviour.

SAQ command terms
Require
Evaluation
-usually LAQ

Textbook pages: 101 to 110
• (Explain/ Describe/ Outline/ Analyze/distinguish between) the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour. http://ibpsychology.wetpaint.com/page/Attribution+Theory%3A+Situational+%26+Dispositio nal+Factors
• (Discuss/ Examine/ Evaluate/Compare/Contrast/Compare & contrast) two errors in attributions.
• http://ibpsychology.wetpaint.com/page/Errors+in+Attribution
• (Discuss/ Examine/ Evaluate) social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.
• http://ibpsychology.wetpaint.com/page/Social+Identity+Theory
• (Explain/ Describe/ Outline/ Analyze) the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behaviour.
• http://ibpsychology.wetpaint.com/page/Stereotypes

Rubric for regular SAQ command terms (Explain/ Describe/ Outline/ Analyze/Distinguish)
Rubric for command terms requiring evaluation (Discuss/ Examine/ Evaluate/Compare/Contrast/Compare & contrast)
Four marks will also be awarded for overall organization of the three essays
Total Marks: 8+8+8+4= 28

Textbook pages: 101 to 110
•(Explain/ Describe/ Outline/ Analyze/distinguish between) the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour.
Definition/ Explanation & use Zimbardo as example to demonstrate
• (Discuss/ Examine/ Evaluate/Compare/Contrast/Compare & contrast)
two errors in attributions.
SSB & Research & FAE & Research (importance of culture)
• (Discuss/ Examine/ Evaluate) social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.
SIT & evaluation of supporting research & theory itself
• (Explain/ Describe/ Outline/ Analyze) the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behaviour.
Formation of stereotypes research & effect on behaviour research

Outline/ Explain the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior.
• Connect to the concept of ‘attribution’ when explaining situational and dispositional factors
• Keep the definition short and to the point
• Present the SPE and use it to explain the importance of situational factors
• The SPE demonstrates the role of the situation, rather than dispositions in determining behavior! – but the comery scales offer some interesting findings
• Dispositional factors – Lau & Russell, even Bowlby’s work on social releasers was used effectively here
• Don’t confuse the terms situational and dispositional
• Don’t forget paragraphs – and referring back to the question – if your present a study for example – what relevance does this have to the question – make sure this is clear in your answer
• ANSWER THE QUESTION!

Compare & contrast two errors in attributions.
• FAE & SSB – get the definitions right
• Make sure you clearly address the command term and answer the question
• Use the language of comparing and contrasting, ‘in comparison, however, on the other hand, similar to, different from…’
• Get the details of the studies right! Don’t make things up
• Similarities (compare) & Differences (contrast) – you must refer to these in your answer!

Discuss two errors in attributions.
• FAE & SSB – get the definitions right
• Discuss – requires some evaluation
• Get the details of the studies right! Don’t make things up
• Use culture in evaluation

1. Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.
• Use several studies!
• The command term says evaluate so you must do that! – strengths and limitations of the theory
• Zimbardo can also be used here…

• Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.
1. Outline the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior.
2. Compare and contrast two errors in attributions.

• Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.

1. •Explain the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour.
2. • Discuss two errors in attributions.
3. • Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.

1. •Explain the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour.
2. • Discuss two errors in attributions.
3. • Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.