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Linking Texts…
“Marigolds” by Eugenia Collier
Story found in textbook on page: 74
Online version of the story:
http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/uploadedFiles/schools/clarksburghs/academics/english/Marigolds-JDouglass.pdf
Online Audio of the story: http://www.sanjuan.edu/webpages/arisantillanes/files/03%20Marigolds.wma
Online PowerPoint (great for introducing the story): http://www.slideshare.net/vrburton/marigolds
Essential Question – How does regret change a person?
Common Core Standards: .RL.1 Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the
text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. RL. 2 Determine a theme or central idea of a
text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is
shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. RL.4 Determine the
meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, L. 4b-c Identify and correctly use patterns of
word changes that indicate different meanings; Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g.,
dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or
determine or clarify its precise meaning, it’s part of speech, or its etymology.
Introduction: It’s a horrible thing when you accidentally drop grape juice on your mom’s
favorite carpet. It’s even worse when you gossip about a friend, or ignore your teacher’s
request for you to quiet down. At one time or another, everyone has said and done something
that makes them flinch with regret. Everyone has something they would like to take back.
Making the Connection: Marigolds is a story that explores the idea of regret. It also
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investigates concepts such as vanity, beauty, and poverty. After you finished reading Marigolds,
you will explore nonfiction texts and visuals that are also about the same topics.
Evaluating the text: The story Marigolds takes place in rural African-American community
during the 1930’s. This was a time of intense racial segregation, poverty, and restrained
opportunity. Most African-Americans faced hard times and extreme poverty. During the Great
Depression all Americans were suffering financially; however, African-Americans were
particularly hard hit. The setting is crucial to determining the stories theme. As you read, think
about the role the setting plays, and how it influences the narrator’s experiences and the
problems she must deal with and overcome. The setting offers important clues about the
development of the stories theme, or central message. For instance, the figurative, or
nonliteral, description of “futile waiting” as “the sorrowful background music of our
impoverished little community” powerfully describes the setting and hints at the hopelessness
of the narrator’s circumstances. While you read, think about how the setting influences the
narrator’s experiences and the challenges she confronts. What message do those experiences
teach readers about life? How does it lead the reader to the story’s theme?
Skills for Reading: Coming to a Conclusions
A conclusion is a logical judgment founded on information in the text and on your own
experiences and prior knowledge. While reading “Marigolds,” keep track of your thoughts by
creating a graphic organizer like the one below (which also includes an example). After that,
you can practice coming to a conclusion.
Student Example:
Text Information
All the narrator remembers
about her hometown is dust.
Prior Knowledge
My Conclusion
Many people usually can
remember something nice
or happy about their
childhoods
The narrator had a difficult
childhood because she can’t
remember anything happy
about it.
Vocabulary in Context
Fill out the chart below, using these words from the story: bravado, degradation, exuberance, futile,
impotent, nostalgia, ostensibly, perverse, poignantly, retribution, squalor, stoicism
I know this word well
I’ve heard of this word/ I know
something about this word
I don’t know this word at all
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About the Author
Eugenia Collier was born in raised in the
highly segregated city of Baltimore,
Maryland. Her parents were educated
professionals and instilled the importance
of education in her from an early age. She
earned degrees at both Howard
University, and later at Columbia.
She worked as a case carrier in Baltimore,
and later became a college professor and
began her writing career. She credits her
African-American heritage as her
inspiration for her stories.
Marigolds by Eugenia Collier (story also found in textbook on page 74)
View this picture of the Marigold.
What mood does it evoke? Explain.
A Close Reading Exercise
When I think of the hometown of my youth, all
that I seem to remember is dust—the brown, crumbly
dust of late summer—arid, sterile dust that gets into
the eyes and makes them water, gets into the throat
and between the toes of bare brown feet. I don’t know
why I should remember only the dust. Surely there
must have been lush green lawns and paved streets
under leafy shade trees somewhere in town; but
memory is an abstract painting—it does not present
things as they are, but rather as they feel. And so,
when I think of that time and that place, I remember
What details in the first
passage allow the reader to
visualize the setting?
Explain.
What point of view is this
story being told in? How do
you know?
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only the dry September of the dirt roads and grassless
yards of the shantytown where I lived. And one other
thing I remember, another incongruency of
memory—a brilliant splash of sunny yellow against the
dust—Miss Lottie’s marigolds.
Whenever the memory of those marigolds
flashes across my mind, a strange nostalgia comes
with it and remains long after the picture has faded. I
feel again the chaotic emotions of adolescence,
illusive as smoke, yet as real as the potted geranium
before me now. Joy and rage and wild animal
gladness and shame become tangled together in the
multicolored skein of fourteen-going-on-fifteen as I
recall that devastating moment when I was suddenly
more woman than child, years ago in Miss Lottie’s
yard. I think of those marigolds at the strangest times; I
remember them vividly now as I desperately pass
away the time.
I suppose that futile waiting was the sorrowful
background music of our impoverished little
community when I was young. The Depression that
gripped the nation was no new thing to us, for the
black workers of rural Maryland had always been
depressed. I don’t know what it was that we were
waiting for; certainly not for the prosperity that was
“just around the corner,” for those were white folks’
words, which we never believed. Nor did we wait for
hard work and thrift to pay off in shining success, as
the American Dream promised, for we knew better
than that, too. Perhaps we waited for a miracle,
amorphous in concept but necessary if one were to
have the grit to rise before dawn each day and labor in
the white man’s vineyard until after dark, or to wander
about in the September dust offering one’s sweat in
return for some meager share of bread. But God was
chary with miracles in those days, and so we
waited—and waited.
We children, of course were only vaguely
aware of the extent of our poverty. Having no radios, somewhat unaware
of the world outside our community. Nowadays we would be called
culturally deprived and people would write books and hold
conferences about us. In those days everybody we
knew was just as hungry and ill clad as we were.
Poverty was the cage in which we all were trapped,
and our hatred of it was still the vague, undirected
restlessness of the zoo-bred flamingo who knows that
nature created him to fly free.
As I think of those days I feel most poignantly
the tag end of summer, the bright, dry times when we
began to have a sense of shortening days and the
imminence of the cold.
By the time I was fourteen, my brother Joey
and I were the only children left at our house, the older
ones having left home for early marriage or the lure of
the city, and the two babies having been sent to
relatives who might care for them better than we. Joey
What words in the first
three paragraphs are you
unfamiliar with? Circle
them and find out what
they mean using a
dictionary.
What does the narrator
mean when she says, “ I
suppose that futile waiting
was the sorrowful
background music of our
impoverished little
community when I was
young.”
What is the American
Dream? Does our narrator
believe that it is a dream
attainable by her
community members?
Which motto would the
members of the narrator’s
community more likely to
believe in: Hard work
equals success or wait for a
miracle? Explain your
answer.
Reread the highlighted
portion of this paragraph
and rewrite it in your own
words.
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was three years younger than I, and a boy, and
therefore vastly inferior. Each morning our mother and
father trudged wearily down the dirt road and around
the bend, she to her domestic job, he to his daily
unsuccessful quest for work. After our few chores
around the tumbledown shanty, Joey and I were free
to run wild in the sun with other children similarly
situated.
For the most part, those days are ill-defined in
my memory, running together and combining like a
fresh watercolor painting left out in the rain. I
remember squatting in the road drawing a picture in
the dust, a picture which Joey gleefully erased with
one sweep of his dirty foot. I remember fishing for
minnows in a muddy creek and watching sadly as they
eluded my cupped hands, while Joey laughed
uproariously. And I remember, that year, a strange
restlessness of body and of spirit, a feeling that
something old and familiar was ending, and something
unknown and therefore terrifying was beginning.
One day returns to me with special clarity for
some reason, perhaps because it was the beginning of
the experience that in some inexplicable way marked
the end of innocence. I was loafing under the great
oak tree in our yard, deep in some reverie which I
have now forgotten, except that it involved some
secret, secret thoughts of one of the Harris boys
across the yard. Joey and a bunch of kids were bored
now with the old tire suspended from an oak limb,
which had kept them entertained for a while.
“Hey, Lizabeth,” Joey yelled. He never talked
when he could yell. “Hey, Lizabeth, let’s go
somewhere.”
I came reluctantly from my private world.
“Where you want to go? What you want to do?”
The truth was that we were becoming tired of
the formlessness of our summer days. The idleness
whose prospect had seemed so beautiful during the
busy days of spring now had degenerated to an almost
desperate effort to fill up the empty midday hours.
“Let’s go see can we find some locusts on the
hill,” someone suggested.
Joey was scornful. “Ain’t no more locusts there.
Y’all got ‘em all while they was still green.”
The argument that followed was brief and not
really worth the effort. Hunting locust trees wasn’t fun
anymore by now.
“Tell you what,” said Joey finally, his eyes
sparkling. “Let’s us go over to Miss Lottie’s.”
The idea caught on at once, for annoying Miss
Lottie was always fun. I was still child enough to
scamper along with the group over rickety fences and
through bushes that tore our already raggedy clothes,
back to where Miss Lottie lived. I think now that we
must have made a tragicomic spectacle, five or six
kids of different ages, each of us clad in only one
Based on what you have
read so far, what can
readers infer about the
narrator’s life? Explain
using details.
Theme: Reread the
highlighted portion of the
paragraph. In your own
words, what is the author
saying?
Common Core L4b:
Language alert!
Derivations
Words that are created
from another word or base
are derivations. The word
generate meaning, “to
bring into existence” has
many derivations, including
generation and regenerate.
Reread the highlighted
passage and locate another
derivation of generate.
Based on how the word is
used in context, what does
it mean?
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garment—the girls in faded dresses that were too long
or too short, the boys in patchy pants, their sweaty
brown chests gleaming in the hot sun. A little cloud of
dust followed our thin legs and bare feet as we
tramped over the barren land.
When Miss Lottie’s house came into view we
stopped, ostensibly to plan our strategy, but actually
to reinforce our courage. Miss Lottie’s house was the
most ramshackle of all our ramshackle homes. The
sun and rain had long since faded its rickety frame siding from white
to a sullen gray. The boards themselves seemed to remain upright
not from being nailed together but rather from leaning together, like a
house that a child might have constructed from cards.
A brisk wind might have blown it down, and the fact
that it was still standing implied a kind of enchantment
that was stronger than the elements. There it stood
and as far as I know is standing yet—a gray, rotting
thing with no porch, no shutters, no steps, set on a
cramped lot with no grass, not even any weeds—a
monument to decay.
In front of the house in a squeaky rocking chair
sat Miss Lottie’s son, John Burke, completing the
impression of decay. John Burke was what was known
as queer-headed. Black and ageless, he sat rocking
day in and day out in a mindless stupor, lulled by the
monotonous squeak-squawk of the chair. A battered
hat atop his shaggy head shaded him from the sun.
Usually John Burke was totally unaware of everything
outside his quiet dream world. But if you disturbed him,
if you intruded upon his fantasies, he would become
enraged, strike out at you, and curse at you in some
strange enchanted language which only he could
understand. We children made a game of thinking of
ways to disturb John Burke and then to elude his
violent retribution.
Based on the description of
Miss Lottie’s house, what
can readers infer about her
financial and social
standing? Explain using
details.
What details in this
paragraph help the reader
to understand John Burke?
Analyze this visual – Does
it match what you pictured
John Burke looking like
based on the description
provided by the narrator?
Why or why not?
But our real fun and our real fear lay in Miss
Lottie herself. Miss Lottie seemed to be at least a
hundred years old. Her big frame still held traces of the
tall, powerful woman she must have been in youth,
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although it was now bent and drawn. Her smooth skin
was a dark reddish brown, and her face had Indian-like
features and the stern stoicism that one associates
with Indian faces. Miss Lottie didn’t like intruders
either, especially children. She never left her yard, and
nobody ever visited her. We never knew how she
managed those necessities which depend on human
interaction—how she ate, for example, or even
whether she ate. When we were tiny children, we
thought Miss Lottie was a witch and we made up tales
that we half believed ourselves about her exploits. We
were far too sophisticated now, of course, to believe
the witch nonsense. But old fears have a way of
clinging like cobwebs, and so when we sighted the
tumbledown shack, we had to stop to reinforce our
nerves.
“Look, there she is,” I whispered, forgetting that
Miss Lottie could not possibly have heard me from that
distance. “She’s fooling with them crazy flowers.”
“Yeh, look at ‘er.”
Miss Lottie’s marigolds were perhaps the
strangest part of the picture. Certainly they did not fit in
with the crumbling decay of the rest of her yard.
Beyond the dusty brown yard, in front of the sorry gray
house, rose suddenly and shockingly a dazzling strip
of bright blossoms, clumped together in enormous
mounds, warm and passionate and sun-golden. The
old black witch-woman worked on them all summer,
every summer, down on her creaky knees, weeding
and cultivating and arranging, while the house
crumbled and John Burke rocked. For some perverse
reason, we children hated those marigolds. They
interfered with the perfect ugliness of the place; they
were too beautiful; they said too much that we could
not understand; they did not make sense. There was
something in the vigor with which the old woman
destroyed the weeds that intimidated us. It should
have been a comical sight—the old woman with the
man’s hat on her cropped white head, leaning over the
bright mounds, her big backside in the air—but it
wasn’t comical, it was something we could not name.
Theme and Setting: How
does Miss Lottie feel about
the Marigolds? Explain.
Theme and Setting: Reread
this quote- “For some
perverse reason, we
children hated those
marigolds. They interfered
with the perfect ugliness of
the place; they were too
beautiful; they said too
much that we could not
understand; they did not
make sense.” In your own
words, why did the children
hate the marigolds? Why
didn’t they “make sense?”
Analyze Visuals – How
does this painting compare
to the description of Miss
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Lottie? Explain your
answer.
We had to annoy her by whizzing a pebble into her
flowers or by yelling a dirty word, then dancing away
from her rage, reveling in our youth and mocking her
age. Actually, I think it was the flowers we wanted to
destroy, but nobody had the nerve to try it, not even
Joey, who was usually fool enough to try anything.
“Y’all git some stones,” commanded Joey now
and was met with instant giggling obedience as
everyone except me began to gather pebbles from the
dusty ground. “Come on, Lizabeth.”
I just stood there peering through the bushes,
torn between wanting to join the fun and feeling that it
was all a bit silly.
“You scared, Lizabeth?”
I cursed and spat on the ground—my favorite gesture
of phony bravado. “Y’all children get the stones, I’ll
show you how to use ‘em.”
I said before that we children were not
consciously aware of how thick were the bars of our
cage. I wonder now, though, whether we were not
more aware of it than I thought. Perhaps we had some
dim notion of what we were, and how little chance we
had of being anything else. Otherwise, why would we
have been so preoccupied with destruction? Anyway,
the pebbles were collected quickly, and everybody
looked at me to begin the fun.
“Come on, y’all.”
We crept to the edge of the bushes that
bordered the narrow road in front of Miss Lottie’s
place. She was working placidly, kneeling over the
flowers, her dark hand plunged into the golden mound.
Suddenly zing—an expertly aimed stone cut the head
off one of the blossoms.
“Who out there?” Miss Lottie’s backside came
down and her head came up as her sharp eyes
searched the bushes. “You better git!”
Based on the narrator’s
actions in the highlighted
portion, what can readers
infer about her?
Theme and Setting: What
connections are made
between poverty described
in the metaphor of the
cage, and the destruction
of the marigolds?
How does Miss Lottie react
to the children’s
destruction of her
marigolds? How do you
know?
Common Core L4c
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We had crouched down out of sight in the
bushes, where we stifled the giggles that insisted on
coming. Miss Lottie gazed warily across the road for a
moment, then cautiously returned to her weeding.
Zing—Joey sent a pebble into the blooms, and
another marigold was beheaded.
Miss Lottie was enraged now. She began
struggling to her feet, leaning on a rickety cane and
shouting. “Y’all git! Go on home!” Then the rest of the
kids let loose with their pebbles, storming the flowers
and laughing wildly and senselessly at Miss Lottie’s
impotent rage. She shook her stick at us and started
shakily toward the road crying, “Git ‘long! John Burke!
John Burke, come help!”
Then I lost my head entirely, mad with the
power of inciting such rage, and ran out of the bushes
in the storm of pebbles, straight toward Miss Lottie,
chanting madly, “Old witch, fell in a ditch, picked up a
penny and thought she was rich!” The children
screamed with delight, dropped their pebbles, and
joined the crazy dance, swarming around Miss Lottie
like bees and chanting, “Old lady witch!” while she
screamed curses at us. The madness lasted only a
moment, for John Burke, startled at last, lurched out of
his chair, and we dashed for the bushes just as Miss
Lottie’s cane went whizzing at my head.
I did not join the merriment when the kids
gathered again under the oak in our bare yard.
Suddenly I was ashamed, and I did not like being
ashamed. The child in me sulked and said it was all in
fun, but the woman in me flinched at the thought of the
malicious attack that I had led. The mood lasted all
afternoon. When we ate the beans and rice that was
supper that night, I did not notice my father’s silence,
for he was always silent these days, nor did I notice
my mother’s absence, for she always worked until well
into evening. Joey and I had a particularly bitter
argument after supper; his exuberance got on my
nerves. Finally I stretched out upon the pallet in the
room we shared and fell into a fitful doze.
When I awoke, somewhere in the middle of the
night, my mother had returned, and I vaguely listened
to the conversation that was audible through the thin
walls that separated our rooms. At first I heard no
words, only voices. My mother’s voice was like a cool,
dark room in summer—peaceful, soothing, quiet. I loved to listen to
it; it made things seem all right
somehow. But my father’s voice cut through hers,
shattering the peace.
“Twenty-two years, Maybelle, twenty-two
years,” he was saying, “and I got nothing for you,
nothing, nothing.”
“It’s all right, honey, you’ll get something.
Everybody out of work now, you know that.”
“It ain’t right. Ain’t no man ought to eat his
woman’s food year in and year out, and see his
Language Alert –Etymology
The Latin word malus
means “bad”. Words that
derive from the word malus
include verbs like
malfunction (“fail to work
properly”) and malign
(“speak badly of’) What
adjective in line 190 shares
this etymology, or origin?
What other words can you
think of that also come
from malus? Check a
dictionary to see how many
you have identified
correctly.
Unlike the other children,
the narrator is not happy
about what they have done
to Miss Lottie’s precious
marigolds. What does this
tell the reader about her?
Explain.
How does the narrator feel
when she listens to her
mother speak? How do you
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children running wild. Ain’t nothing right about that.”
“Honey, you took good care of us when you
had it. Ain’t nobody got nothing nowadays.”
“I ain’t talking about nobody else, I’m talking
about me. God knows I try.” My mother said something
I could not hear, and my father cried out louder, “What
must a man do, tell me that?”
“Look, we ain’t starving. I git paid every week,
and Mrs. Ellis is real nice about giving me things. She
gonna let me have Mr. Ellis’s old d coat for you this
winter—”
“Damn Mr. Ellis’s coat! And damn his money!
You think I want white folks’ leavings?
“Damn, Maybelle”—and suddenly he sobbed,
loudly and painfully, and cried helplessly and
hopelessly in the dark night. I had never heard a man
cry before. I did not know men ever cried. I covered
my ears with my hands but could not cut off the sound
of my father’s harsh, painful, despairing sobs. My
father was a strong man who could whisk a child upon
his shoulders and go singing through the house. My
father whittled toys for us, and laughed so loud that the
great oak seemed to laugh with him, and taught us
how to fish and hunt rabbits. How could it be that my
father was crying? But the sobs went on, unstifled,
finally quieting until I could hear my mother’s voice,
deep and rich, humming softly as she used to hum to a
frightened child.
The world had lost its boundary lines. My
mother, who was small and soft, was now the strength
of the family; my father, who was the rock on which the
family had been built, was sobbing like the tiniest child.
Everything was suddenly out of tune, like a broken
accordion. Where did I fit into this crazy picture? I do
not now remember my thoughts, only a feeling of great
bewilderment and fear.
Long after the sobbing and humming had
stopped, I lay on the pallet, still as stone with my
hands over my ears, wishing that I too could cry and
be comforted. The night was silent now except for the
sound of the crickets and of Joey’s soft breathing. But
the room was too crowded with fear to allow me to
sleep, and finally, feeling the terrible aloneness of 4
A.M., I decided to awaken Joey.
“Ouch! What’s the matter with you? What you
want?” he demanded disagreeably when I had pinched
know?
Making Conclusions: Why
is the narrator’s father
crying?
Theme and Setting: What
affect does the
conversation between her
parents have on the
narrator? Explain your
answer using details.
11
and slapped him awake.
“Come on, wake up.”
“What for? Go ‘way.”
I was lost for a reasonable reply. I could not
say, “I’m scared and I don’t want to be alone,” so I
merely said, “I’m going out. If you want to come, come
on.”
The promise of adventure awoke him. “Going
out now? Where to, Lizabeth? What you going to do?”
I was pulling my dress over my head. Until now
I had not thought of going out. “Just come on,” I replied
tersely.
I was out the window and halfway down the
road before Joey caught up with me.
“Wait, Lizabeth, where you going?”
I was running as if the Furies were after me,
as perhaps they were—running silently and furiously
until I came to where I had half known I was headed:
to Miss Lottie’s yard.
The half-dawn light was more eerie than
complete darkness, and in it the old house was like the
ruin that my world had become—foul and crumbling, a
grotesque caricature. It looked haunted, but I was not
afraid, because I was haunted too.
“Lizabeth, you lost your mind?” panted Joey.
I had indeed lost my mind, for all the
smoldering emotions of that summer swelled in me
and burst—the great need for my mother who was
never there, the hopelessness of our poverty and
degradation, the bewilderment of being neither child
nor woman and yet both at once, the fear unleashed
by my father’s tears. And these feelings combined in
one great impulse toward destruction.
“Lizabeth!”
I leaped furiously into the mounds of marigolds
and pulled madly, trampling and pulling and destroying
the perfect yellow blooms. The fresh smell of early
morning and of dew-soaked marigolds spurred me on
as I went tearing and mangling and sobbing while Joey
tugged my dress or my waist crying, “Lizabeth, stop,
please stop!”
And then I was sitting in the ruined little garden
among the uprooted and ruined flowers, crying and
crying, and it was too late to undo what I had done.
Joey was sitting beside me, silent and frightened, not
knowing what to say. Then, “Lizabeth, look!’
I opened my swollen eyes and saw in front of
me a pair of large, calloused feet; my gaze lifted to the
swollen legs, the age-distorted body clad in a tight
cotton nightdress, and then the shadowed Indian face
surrounded by stubby white hair. And there was no
rage in the face now, now that the garden was
destroyed and there was nothing any longer to be
protected.
“M-miss Lottie!” I scrambled to my feet and just
stood there and stared at her, and that was the
Theme and Setting: Reread
the highlighted passages.
Why does the narrator
destroy the marigolds?
How does the narrator feel
after she has destroyed the
marigolds?
Common Core RL 4
Make a Conclusion
Throughout the story the
narrator talks about Miss
Lottie using fairy-tale
metaphors. She calls her a
witch and speaks about the
“enchantment”
surrounding her home. In
the highlighted paragraph,
she finally sees Miss Lottie
for who she is really is.
What changes have taken
place in the narrator in
order to allow her to see
the real Miss Lottie?
Paraphrase the narrator’s
12
moment when childhood faded and womanhood
began. That violent, crazy act was the last act of
childhood. For as I gazed at the immobile face with the
sad, weary eyes, I gazed upon a kind of reality which
is hidden to childhood. The witch was no longer a
witch but only a broken old woman who had dared to
create beauty in the midst of ugliness and sterility. She
had been born in squalor and lived in it all her life. Now
at the end of that life she had nothing except a falling down
hut, a wrecked body, and John Burke, the
mindless son of her passion. Whatever verve there
was left in her, whatever was of love and beauty and
joy that had not been squeezed out by life, had been
there in the marigolds she had so tenderly cared for.
Of course I could not express the things that I
knew about Miss Lottie as I stood there awkward and
ashamed. The years have put words to the things I
knew in that moment, and as I look back upon it, I
know that that moment marked the end of innocence.
Innocence involves an unseeing acceptance of things
at face value, an ignorance of the area below the
surface. In that humiliating moment I looked beyond
myself and into the depths of another person. This was
the beginning of compassion, and one cannot have
both compassion and innocence.
The years have taken me worlds away from
that time and that place, from the dust and squalor of
our lives, and from the bright thing that I destroyed in a
blind, childish striking out at God knows what. Miss
Lottie died long ago and many years have passed
since I last saw her hut, completely barren at last, for
despite my wild contrition she never planted
marigolds again. Yet, there are times when the image
of those passionate yellow mounds returns with a
painful poignancy. For one does not have to be
ignorant and poor to find that his life is as barren as
the dusty yards of our town. And I too have planted
marigolds.
thoughts about innocence
and compassion in the
paragraph.
Make a Conclusion: In your
own words explain what
the author is saying in
these final two sentences.
Post Reading Questions
Common Core Standards: .RL.1 Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text
says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. RL. 2 Determine a theme or central idea of a text and
analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by
specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. RL.4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they
are used in the text,
1. Recognize– What is the age of the narrator?
2. Identify– What is strange about Miss Lottie’s marigolds?
13
3. Make Observations– What does the narrator do that she ultimately regrets?
4. The influence of setting – Think about the most pronounced features of the story’s
setting and the figurative language the narrator often uses to portray them. How does
the setting affect the narrator’s view on life?
5. Make Conclusions – What provokes the young narrator, Lizabeth, to demolish Miss
Lottie’s marigolds? Provide evidence from the story to support your answers.
6. Evaluate Climax – What is the climax of this story? How does this turning point change
the narrator?
7. Evaluate the Symbolism – What do Miss Lottie’s marigolds symbolize? In order to help
you organize your thoughts, fill out the chart below. Add descriptions or details of the
marigolds in the first box, and then fill in the second box with ideas that connect to the
description/detail from the story.
Description or details about the
Connections….
marigolds from the story
“…warm, passionate, and sun-golden.”
“sun-golden” makes a connection to the
sun, which gives life and warmth
8. Evaluate Theme – All of the characters in this story deal with the anguish and pain caused by
living in poverty; however, they deal with it in very different ways. Think about the way Miss
Lottie responds to her life of poverty versus the way that narrator responds. What do their
responses teach the reader about living in poverty? What theme can be drawn from their
responses? What other themes may also come from this story?
9. Evaluate Viewpoints – Reread and think about the narrator’s view on innocence and
compassion. Do you agree with her? You may use your own life’s experiences to help support
your responses.
10. Text Criticism and Social Commentary – Can “Marigolds” be thought of as a social commentary
on racial segregation? Provide evidence to support your ideas
14
Linking Texts
Reading for Information
Sowing change
Newspaper Article
Many hands join to transform a barren city lot into a thriving
green space for plants -- and people in North Lawndale
August 31, 2003|By Donna Freedman, of the Chicago Tribune
Also found @ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-08-31/news/0308300161_1_north-lawndale-greeningcommittee-lawndale-project-chicago-botanic-garden
15
Common Core Standards: RI. 2 Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the
course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an
objective summary of the text RI 3 Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or
events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the
connections that are drawn between them. RI. 5 Analyze in detail how an author’s ideas or claims are
developed and refined. L. 4a Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word
In the story “Marigolds” Miss Lottie plants the flowers because they bring her happiness. They provide
her with a bright spot, and serve as source of beauty in an otherwise depressing setting. Today, it is very
common to find for inner-city residents also creating gardens to serve as their own sources as beauty.
Like Miss Lottie, they are looking to transform spaces from barren to beautiful. The article “Sowing
Change” will explain more about.
Focusing on the Common Core Standards: When reading for information, you will often need to
understand and analyze a great deal of information. Outlining is a very efficient way to organize
information. An outline organizes the text’s main ideas and supporting details according to their level of
importance. Since the main ideas and supporting details are written in the form of brief phrases, an
outline can be considered a text’s frame.
A. Create an outline of the article, Sowing Change, by using the Cornell Note taking method. Start
by watching the Cornell Note PowerPoint with your teacher. You can also review this PDF
handout / explanation of Cornell notes found @
http://www.sandburgspartans.us/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/CornellWay.pdf
B. After you have learned about how to take excellent Cornell Notes, read the newspaper article,
Sowing Change, below. Answer the question in the Close Reading as you read.
16
C. Next, you will complete a set of Cornell notes based on your understanding of the text. Use the
template found @
http://www.sandburgspartans.us/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/CornellNoteFormat.pdf
to guide you as your complete your notes. Also, there is a word template of the notes on the
next page.
Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective:
Name:
Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:
Questions:
Notes:
17
Summary:
Sowing Change by Donna Freedman, of the Chicago Tribune
A Close Read of Informational Text
18
Before you read, skim
the entire article and
see if you can decipher
what the main topics
and sub-topics may be.
The 20-by-32-foot bed of marigolds is not just a sea of orange blooms, but
a Rorschach blot. Back up a few feet, look again and the shape of the
African continent emerges on a North Lawndale street corner.
A pair of doorway-like arbors invites passersby off the sidewalk and into a
garden where raised beds are a glory of lilies, daisies, hibiscus, nicotiana,
shrub roses and other plants. In some places, flowers fight for space
among broccoli, sweet potatoes and purple kale that are almost treelike in
their vigor.
Consider the title
Sowing Change. Based
what this sowing
change means, what
might a reader infer
this article will be
about? Explain.
Three low, bark-covered mounds, plus a limestone-terraced hill at the rear
of the site, give a sense of terrain. Shrubs, ornamental grasses and young
hackberry, black locust, crab apple and magnolia trees also provide
vertical uplift on this city lot.
"This is what we need: open space, a place to sit and talk, to think a
while," says North Lawndale resident Gerald Earles, sitting in the garden at
12th Place and Central Park Avenue. The 130-by-100-foot garden seemed
to spring up in a single day in late April.
In reality, it took more than two years, about 400 volunteers and $200,000
in donated materials and expertise to create the African Heritage Garden.
"I've always known that the community [was] capable of a project of this
magnitude. We just needed a focus," says Valerie Leonard, executive
director of the non-profit North Lawndale Small Grants Human
Development Corp.
The corporation's attempts to garden on the site in 2001 and 2002
What was needed in
order to build the
garden?
Common Core L4a
Language Alert –Word
Origins: Many botanical
terms, such as the
names of plants, are
19
withered and died due to a lack of water. But things finally came
together this year after the Chicago Botanic Garden, NeighborSpace, a
non-profit land trust, and The Enterprise Companies, a residential real
estate development firm, provided financial and design support.
About 200 people, including about 25 people from the community,
attended a design session in March to determine what the garden would
become. All agreed that the site should have a bed shaped like the African
continent and incorporate a number of plants that grow in Africa. Both
ideas were part of Leonard's original plan, which was inspired by Unity
Park, another Lawndale project.
That park was created five years ago by residents fed up with drug dealing
and crime near 19th Street and Kostner Avenue. Gladys Woodson, who
spearheaded that project, says that once the site became a well-used and
neatly maintained park, the criminal element left.
"If you get enough good people to come out, the bad people are going to
leave," Woodson says. She and other Unity Park organizers are helping at
the African Heritage Garden as well.
In fact, the heritage garden is thriving under the care and nurturing of a
variety of groups, including the North Lawndale Greening Committee, the
Combined Block Club and Slumbusters. NeighborSpace, which purchased
the land from the city and leases it to North Lawndale, also paid to install a
water hookup.
derived from Latin.
Some terms, however,
have their linguistic
roots in other
languages. Withered
come from the Middle
English root widren,
which is related to
another Middle English
words meaning
“weathered.”
Considering this
information and the
context clues, what
does withered mean?
What is the purpose of
this garden?
The plants and landscape materials, design and on-site supervision were
paid for by a grant from the Chicago Botanic Garden's Neighborhood
Gardens program. Each year, the Chicago Botanic Garden awards money
to community groups interested in greening their neighborhoods.
It all came together on April 26 when about five dozen volunteers of
varying ages, mostly neighborhood residents, planted hundreds of flowers
and vegetable seedlings under the supervision of the Chicago Botanic
Garden's Community Gardens division. The Safer Foundation, which helps
men make the transition from prison to the outside world, sent clients to
build arbors and a half-dozen large raised beds.
With regular watering, the garden has thrived -- as have the weeds.
Scheduled work parties and neighborhood residents keep the weeds at
bay.
In late June, the Chicago Botanic Garden brought more trees and flowers,
which were planted by about 30 volunteers, including 9-year-old Nikky
Pierce. Nikky, who lives down the street from the garden, is pleased with
What new topic is
introduced in the
highlighted passage?
How has the garden
affected 9 year old
20
the results.
"Before, it was just dirty and trashy," she says. "It looks pretty when there
are flowers in it."
Elder plantswoman and neighborhood resident Annie Lott lends a hand as
well as her expertise. At 92, she is an avid gardener who grows numerous
flowers and 16 kinds of vegetables. It was her suggestion to put "some
food, something that's healthy" in the flower beds.
community member,
Nikky?
How has the garden
affected the 92 year
old, Annie Lott?
"I love this garden because it brings back memories of how I was raised,"
says Lott, who is from Mississippi. "I was raised on a farm and our father
taught us to do things for others and share."
The African Heritage Garden is a work in progress. Areas among the beds
and mounds still need to be covered with stones. A shelter symbolizing a
tribal hut, made with thatch and other materials from Africa, is in the
works. Park benches also are likely.
But the progress has been huge, says Leonard, even though some of the
volunteers had no gardening experience. "They were involved, and now
they're asking, `When can we do it again?'
"That's music to my ears," Leonard says. "When you see how it was being
used before and how it's being used now, that's an awesome feeling. It
belongs to the community now."
How has this garden
benefited the
community and its
members? How does
this connect to Miss
Lottie?
Be sure to complete your Cornell Notes before answering the Post Reading
Questions.
Post Reading Questions for Sowing Change and a Text
Analysis
21
RI. 2 Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including
how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
RI. 3 Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which
the points are made RI. 5 Analyze in detail how an author’s ideas or claims are developed and refined W.
2f Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation
presented
1. Summarize how, after initial holdups, the African Heritage Garden came to fruition.
2. Analyze your Cornell notes and state the article’s main ideas and the supporting details.
3. Making a judgment -Consider what you know about crime and what the article shares with you
about this community garden. Why might something as simple as a community garden reduce
crime in a neighborhood?
4. Analyze the main ideas of both Marigolds and Sowing Change – Both texts highlight gardeners
and their work. Write a brief analysis of the positive outcomes of gardens. Use evidence from
the story and article to support your opinions. See the next page for help getting started on
writing an analysis
How to Write an Analysis
A. Writing an analysis involves identifying and explain the parts of a subject and coming to
a conclusion. Follow these guidelines:
B. To analyze the benefits of gardens, review the benefits and consider how you might
break them down. For example, you could use the graphic organizer below to organizer
your ideas and evidence.
Text:
Benefits to gardeners
Benefits to community
Marigolds
Sowing Change
C. Go back and review your Cornell notes and Close Reads for both texts to remind
yourself for the main ideas you want to include in your analysis.
D. When you write, you should be methodical. Introduce the main idea, identify the
evidence and then elaborate on the evidence with commentary before arriving at your
conclusion.
Reading for Information
22
Book Cover
Readers have seen in the fiction and nonfiction texts, plants can hold splendor and life that make
them powerful symbols. Investigate the book cover below and then answer the questions.
RL 7 Analyze the representation of a subject in two different mediums.
Interpret: Think about the
title of the book to the left.
What might the author want
to persuade to think about or
do?
Analyze details: What
differences do you notice
among the children on the
cover of this book? What
idea might the author trying
to share? On the other hand:
what similarities are shared
among the children? What
might this make a reader
think about?
Synthesize: The word
grassroots refers to
organizations and movements
that operate at the local level.
With the book cover in mind,
explain why grassroots likely
means what it does.

For additional Resources, go to the last page.
Assessment Practice: Short Constructed Responses
23
Text – “Marigolds”
On Common Core Assessments, students will have to answer questions that focus on particular
passages from a text. To build your close-reading skills, read the short constructed response
questions below and pay special attention to the strategies suggest to the right.
Strategies
The narrator remembers precisely when
“childhood faded and womanhood began”.
 Read the passage very closely and at least twice
Explain why she considers this incident to be
before determining on your interpretation
her coming-of-age moment. Reinforce your
 Evidence from the text can be direct or indirect
answer with evidence from the text.
quotes, such as paraphrasing. Furthermore, it
can be a specific summary of something that
happened in the text
 It is vital that any ideas or statements you
submit are supported by evidence from the text
Text – “Sowing Change”
On Common Core Assessments, students will also have to make conclusions about nonfiction
texts. Continue to improve your close reading skills by answering the short constructed response
question below.
Strategies
In what ways have community gardens
changed the North Lawndale neighborhood for
 Reread the article and make note of the positive
the better? Support your ideas with evidence
changes you discovered.
from the text.

Construct insightful conclusions by connecting
these changes to the construction of parks.
 Include evidence for each connection that you
make. It is vital that any ideas or statements
you submit are supported by evidence from the
text
Comparing Fiction and Nonfiction Texts
On Common Core Assessments, students will compare and contrast a literary (fiction) and
nonfiction text by answering a short constructed response.
How is the children’s behavior in “Marigolds” Strategies
different from the community members in
 State how the behaviors are different, then
“Sowing Change”? What factors might have
provide a specific example for each
caused these differences? Support your answer
 The second part of the questions is asking the
with evidence from both texts.
student to make an inference, or educated
guess, based on your own knowledge and the
knowledge provided to you in the texts.
After you state your inference, you must
support it with information from the text that
helped you to make that inference.
24
Additional Resources
Growing Your Own in Compton at Raymond Park
Community Garden
by Zach Behrens of KCET
on February 10, 2011 4:00 PM
Departures is KCET's oral history and interactive documentary project that thoroughly explores
neighborhoods through the people that live there. In January and early February, SoCal Focus is taking
readers through the Richland Farms series one day at a time.
Compton was once known for its sugar beets, cauliflower, and pumpkins. Albeit vastly different
today, the city's agricultural neighborhood Richland Farms gives a glimpse of the past tradition
of growing food. One good example is the community garden found along the Compton Creek at
Raymond Street Park.
There, backdropped by a playground and baseball diamond, retired landscaper Mildred Johnson
has been tending to the plot since last spring. "Eating properly is becoming an issue for young
people in terms of their health, so I think it would be something good for everyone, for the whole
community," she explained about community participation.
One concern of Johnson's is making sure people eat the food. That's why she used what's popular
at local grocery stores as an indicator of what to grow during different seasons. Last year, the list
of vegetables produced included corn, tomatoes, cabbage, collard greens, lettuce, kale, bok choy,
zucchini, bell pepper, broccoli, cauliflower, squashes and string beans.
Here is a video of the woman who started of the community garden and her perspective on why
the community garden is important to community.
http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/places/video-platformvideo-managementvideosolutionsvideo-player.html