Acct 592 – Notes & Examples
Prof. Teresa Gordon
Introduction to
EARNINGS PER SHARE
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
SIMPLE - no potentially dilutive securities exist
No Convertible Preferred Stock
No Convertible Bonds Or Other Debt
No Stock Options Or Warrants
No Contingent Shares
BASIC EARNINGS PER SHARE =
(Net Income - Preferred Dividends*)
Weighted average of common shares outstanding
* If preferred stock is cumulative, deduct dividends whether or not paid or
declared. If preferred is noncumulative, deduct dividends only if declared.
FOR PUBLICLY TRADED CORPORATIONS WITH COMPLEX CAPITAL
STRUCTURE:
Dual presentation of earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share
Diluted earnings per share
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Acct 592 – Notes & Examples
Prof. Teresa Gordon
EFFECT OF POTENTIALLY DILUTIVE SECURITIES ON EPS
Convertible bonds and preferred stock:
WHAT IF METHOD
Stock options, warrants and other contingent issues:
TREASURY STOCK METHOD
DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE =
Net income
-
Preferred dividends if
preferred stock is NOT
convertible
+
After-tax bond
interest on
convertible
bonds
Weighted average of common shares assuming
maximum dilution (including options)
TREASURY STOCK METHOD PROCEDURES
1.
Compute amount of cash that would be received if all the stock
options or warrants were exercised.
Note: If the options are part of the employee compensation
package, add (to the cash received based on option price) the
amount (if any) of compensation expense not yet recognized in
income and any tax benefits (both deferred and current) that
would be credited to additional paid in capital if the options were
exercised (SFAS 128 ¶21).
2.
Compute the number of shares that could be purchased with the
cash amount from step 1 using average market price for period
3.
Compute the number of NET new shares - subtract the number
acquired (step 2) from the total number of options or warrants
that would be exercised (step 1).
Or use formula:
Net new shares
=
Number of shares to which
option holders are entitled
*
Avg Mkt Price – Option Price
Avg Mkt Price
Note: Under the treasury stock method, you cannot use a negative number (decrease
in denominator)! There will be no dilutive effect if options are “out of the money” or
“at the money”
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Acct 592 – Notes & Examples
Prof. Teresa Gordon
EARNINGS PER SHARE DISCLOSURES:
ON INCOME STATEMENT
PER SHARE AMOUNTS FOR
Income From Continuing Operations
Income Before Extraordinary Items
Cumulative Effect Of Change In Accounting Principle
Net Income
(Basic and diluted eps are both shown for each item if appropriate)
Weighted average shares used in computations
WARNING WATCH OUT FOR ANTI-DILUTIVE SECURITIES
Earnings per share should be lowest possible number
An anti-dilutive security is one that
causes the earnings per share to INCREASE
or the loss per share to DECREASE
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Acct 592 – Notes & Examples
Prof. Teresa Gordon
Using straight formulas may get you wrong answer if there are antidilutive securities involved.
FOR COMPLEX SITUATIONS, USE THE FOLLOWING ALGORITHM:
1.
Compute the per share effect of each potentially
dilutive security separately.
2.
Make a list from smallest per share number to
largest
per share number
3.
Compute basic earnings per share
4.
For diluted EPS, take the securities into EPS
computation one at a time until the next item on
the list is bigger than the most recent EPS figure.
There are many complex situations in computing earnings per share – you
will need to consult FARS CD. The rules are primarily in FAS128 but it has
been amended. For example, SFAS No. 150:
Exclude from denominator common shares that are to be redeemed or
repurchased pursuant to financial instruments described in FAS150.
Exclude from numerator any amounts (including contractual or
accumulated dividends and participation rights in undistributed
earnings) attributable to shares that are to be redeemed or
repurchased UNLESS such amounts have been recognized as interest
costs in earnings. The technique would be consistent with the “two
class” method set forth in in paragraph 61 of FASB Statement No. 128
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EPS REVIEW EXAMPLE #1 JKL Corp. reported net income of $1,000,000 for 2011. This amount
included a 50,000 extraordinary gain. The tax rate was 40%. As of 1/1/11,
200,000 shares of common stock were outstanding. On 6/1/11 30,000 new
shares were sold. There are no potentially dilutive securities outstanding but
JKL has 2,000 shares of 8% cumulative preferred stock ($10 par) which was
outstanding all year.
JKL also has an issue of convertible preferred stock (cumulative)
that was outstanding during the entire year. The preferred stock has a $100
par value and pays a $10 annual dividend. The 5,000 shares were
outstanding all year. Each share of preferred stock can be converted into 5
shares of common stock.
JKL also has $3,000,000 in convertible bonds outstanding all year.
The bonds were sold at face value and pay 6% interest semi-annually. Each
$1000 bond can be converted into 50 shares of common stock.
JKL Corp. also has stock options outstanding. During the next five
years, option holders can buy 40,000 shares of common stock at $10 per
share. The average market price during 2001 was $40 and the year-end
closing price was $45 per share.
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Working paper for #1
EARNINGS PER SHARE
Net income
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NUMERATOR
$1,000,000
DENOMINATOR
EPS
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Earnings Per Share Review Example #2
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING TRANSACTIONS IN COMMON STOCK:
ISSUED
Common shares outstanding Jan 1 to Feb
March 1, treasury stock sold
Shares outstanding Mar 1 to May 31
Jun 1, new shares issued
Shares outstanding Jun 1 to Aug 31
Sep 1, acquired treasury stock
Shares outstanding Sep 1 to Oct 31
Nov 1, 200% stock dividend issued
Shares outstanding Nov 1 to Dec 31
Dates
Actual Shares
Outstanding
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28100,000
100,000
20,000
120,000
120,000
228,000
348,000
Retroactive
Stock
Splits &
Dividends
SHARES IN
TREASURY
5,000
-1,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
6,000
6,000
Months
Outstanding
OUTSTANDING
95,000
1,000
96,000
20,000
116,000
- 2,000
114,000
228,000
342,000
Weighted
shares
Outstanding
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EARNINGS PER SHARE EXAMPLE #3
Using the algorithm
Campbell Company had five convertible securities outstanding all during the year. It paid the
appropriate interest and amortized the premiums and discounts using either the straight-line
method or the effective interest method (as indicated below). All dividends on preferred
stock were paid. The corporate tax rate was 30%. The following table describes each
security. Prepare a schedule that lists the impact of assumed conversion of each convertible
security on diluted earnings per share and put them in the order in which they would be
included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
A. 9.5% preferred
stock
B. 11.0% bonds
C. 8.0% preferred
stock
D. 8.0% bonds
E. 9% bonds
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$2,000,000 par value. Issued at
112. Each $100 par preferred
stock is convertible into 5 shares of
common stock. This stock is not
cumulative but the dividend for the
year was paid.
$300,000 face value. Issued at
par. Each $1,000 bond is
convertible into 44 shares of
common stock.
$150,000 par value. Issued at par.
Each $100 par preferred stock is
convertible into 3 shares of
common stock. The stock is
cumulative with no dividends in
arrears.
Face value of $5,000,000. Bonds
were issued at a discount.
Because the impact was material,
the company uses the effective
interest method. The bonds pay
interest semi-annually on June 30
and December 31. The yield on
the bonds was 10%. The book
value at the beginning of the year
was $4,783,526. Each $1000 bond
can be converted into 50 shares of
common stock.
Face value of $5,000,000. Bonds
were issued at 101. Since the
premium was not material, the
company uses the straight-line
method to amortize the premium
over the 20 year life of the bond.
Each 5000 bond is convertible into
150 shares of common stock.
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Teaching transparency – Example #3
A. 9.5% preferred stock $2,000,000 par value. Issued at 112. Each
$100 par preferred stock is convertible into 5 shares
of common stock. This stock is not cumulative but the
dividend for the year was paid.
B. 11.0% bonds
$300,000 face value. Issued at par. Each $1,000
bond is convertible into 44 shares of common stock.
C. 8.0% preferred stock $150,000 par value. Issued at par. Each $100
par preferred stock is convertible into 3 shares of
common stock. The stock is cumulative with no
dividends in arrears.
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Teaching transparency – Example #3
D. 8.0% bonds Face value of $5,000,000. Bonds were issued at a discount.
Because the impact was material, the company uses the
effective interest method. The bonds pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The yield on the
bonds was 10%. The book value at the beginning of the
year was $4,783,526. Each $1000 bond can be converted
into 50 shares of common stock.
E. 9% bonds
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Face value of $5,000,000. Bonds were issued at 101.
Since the premium was not material, the company uses
the straight-line method to amortize the premium over
the 20 year life of the bond. Each $5,000 bond is
convertible into 150 shares of common stock.
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Worksheet for Example #3 –
Assume net income for year was $1,385,000 and the weighted
average common shares was 500,000
EARNINGS PER SHARE
Net income
NUMERATOR
$1,385,000
DENOMINATOR
500,000
EPS
Reminder – Work #4 (separate file) for homework to reinforce the algorithm
approach before we dig into the complications caused by stock-based
compensation for employees
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Problem 4 (homework) – Also available in an Excel File
Mel Company has four convertible securities. For the bonds, the company
paid the appropriate interest and amortized the premiums and discounts
using either the straight-line method or the effective interest method (as
indicated below). All dividends on preferred stock were paid. All stock prices
shown have been adjusted for the Sept. 30 stock split (see A).
Net income is
The corporate tax rate is
$3,098,600
40%
A. Common Stock. Authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued
150,000 shares, outstanding at the beginning of the year,
120,000 shares.
On March 28, Mel purchased another 10,000 shares of
treasury stock.
During the year, Mel sold 50,000 shares on Sept. 1.
On September 30, Mel issued a 50% stock dividend to all
issued shares (i.e., the treasury stock and the outstanding
shares both receive the stock dividend).
Numerator
Denominator
Index
B. $10 Preferred Stock. There were 60,000 shares
outstanding all year. Each $100 par preferred stock is
convertible into 4 shares of common stock before the stock
dividend and 6 shares after the 50% stock dividend (see A).
The stock is cumulative with no dividends in arrears.
C. Stock options. Mel issued 200,000 options five years ago.
The exercise price was $20. The average market price for
the current year is $45. Each option converts into 3 shares
of common stock after the stock dividend. No options were
exercised during the year.
D. Convertible Bonds. The bonds have been outstanding all
year. The face value is $10,000,000 with a coupon rate of
10%. Bonds were issued at a premium. Because the
impact was material, the company uses the effective interest
method. The bonds pay interest semi-annually on June 30
and December 31. The yield on the bonds was 8%. The
book value at the beginning of the year was $11,576,073.
Each $5,000 bond can be converted into 60 shares of
common stock before the stock dividend and 90 shares after
the stock dividend.
E. Convertible Bonds. Mel issued the bonds on July 1 of the
current year at 96. The face value is $8,000,000 and the
coupon rate is 8%. Since the discount was not material, the
company uses the straight-line method to amortize the
discount over the 20 year life of the bond. Each $1,000
bond was convertible into 25 shares of common stock
before the stock dividend and 37.5 shares after stock
dividend.
Warning: The excel file may be missing the end of certain cells due to copy/paste limitations
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EPS Problem #5 - Using Treasury Stock Method when there is Share-based Compensation
Based on Stock Options Example 2 (Cliff Vesting – Equity Award)
For a Christmas bonus on December 31, 2010, Genessee Engineering, Inc. gave its executives stock options that
entitle them to purchase up to 5,000 shares of Genessee Engineering company stock for $20 per share. The executives
cannot exercise the options until January 1, 2013, and they must decide whether to exercise their option to buy stock at
$20 per share on or before July 1, 2013. To remain eligible for the stock options, they have to remain in the
employment of Genessee Engineering. On December 31, 2010, the date of the grant, Genessee Engineering stock was
selling for $25 per share. Assume that the fair value of the options at 12-31-10 was $9.00 each and that there were 20
executives eligible for participation. Based on past history, Genessee Engineering expects a 5% annual turnover rate
among its executives. The company’s income tax rate is 34%. We’ve already worked this example and prepared
journal entries related to the share-based compensation..
Assume that Genessee Engineering has no potentially dilutive securities other
than the executive stock options. There are no preferred stock and no
convertible bonds. The fair value of the options was $9.00 at the grant date.
Compute earnings per share for 2011, 2012, and 2013 using the following
additional information. Refer to Illustration 8 in SFAS No. 128 as revised by
SFAS No. 123(R) in 2004.
Year
Net income
2011
2012
2013
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
$1,300,000
Options Outstanding
at end of year
Weighted
Average Shares
of Common
Stock
Outstanding
Average
market price
95,000
90,000
250,000
300,000
$24.95
$26.82
0 at 12/31
85,000 exercised at
4/1
To be computed,
beginning of
year = 325,000
For 1/1 to
4/1 $30.25
5,000 expired on 7/1
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For 1/1 to
7/1 $27.56
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Tax rate
34%
34%
34%
Check Figures for Example Problems:
1.
Basic before extraordinary items = $4.36
Net income per share = $2.62
2.
W. A. shares outstanding = 320,500
3.
Basic = $2.37
Diluted = $2.01
4.
Homework, no check figures
5.
See separate solution file in Excel
2011 Basic = $4.00; Diluted = $4.00
2012 Basic = $4.00; Diluted = $3.77
2013 Basic = $3.34; Diluted = $3.28
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