97,3% of Hungary is covered with some
kind of sediment
75% of land surface on the earth is covered
by thin veneer of sediments or sedimentary
rocks.
Classification
Based on the processes responsible for their formation,
sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into three groups:
clastic sedimentary rocks
biochemical (or biogenic) sedimentary rocks
chemical sedimentary rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed
of silicate minerals and rock fragments
that were transported by moving fluids (as
bed load, suspended load, or by sediment
gravity flows)
and were deposited when these fluids
came to rest.
Clastic sediment, and thus clastic sedimentary rocks, are subdivided
according to the dominant particle size (diameter) and cementation
Not cemented sediments
Gravel (>2 mm)
Sand (2 – 0,06 mm)
Mud, kőzetliszt (0,06 - 0,002 mm
Clay (<0,002 mm)
Water uptake of the clay deppand on the clay mineral
compositon
Water uptake → swelling
Montmorillonite up tu 300 % volumetric swelling
Breccias are coarse grained rocks dominantly composed of gravel sized
particles that are typically held together by a finer grained martix.
The gravel sized particles are angular.
Usage: deppands on the cementation: good quality:
Masonary bricks, load bearing structures, ornamental stone
Conglomerates The gravel sized particles that make up
conglomerates are well rounded
Usage: deppands on the cementation: good quality:
Masonary bricks, load bearing structures, ornamental stone
Sandstone (2 - 0,063 mm) Sandstones are medium grained rocks
composed of rounded or angular fragments of sand size, that often but
not always have a cement uniting them together.
Usage: deppands on the cementation: good quality:
Masonary bricks, load bearing structures, ornamental stone
Siltstone As its name implies, it is primarily composed (greater than 2/3)
of silt sized particles, defined as grains 2–62 µm
Usage: cheramic industry, insulations (water)
Loess predominantly silt-sized sediment, which is formed by the
accumulation of wind-blown dust. Typically yellow. Slump is a tipical
problam: volume due to saturation.
Usege: cement industry
Claystone composed primarily of clay-sized particles (less than 1/256
millimeter in diameter). Usage: brick production
Related to radioactive waste repositories, typical host rock
Biochemical rock
Saturation of the solution - precipitate - Compaction – Cementation
Limestone CaCO3 (HCl solve it - fizz)
Dense Limestone
Course limestone
Freshwater Limestone
VEGYI/BIOGÉN ÜLEDÉKES KŐZETEK
Oldat kialakulása – Oldat telítődése – Kicsapódás, kiválás –
Tömörödés – Diagenezis és cementáció
Dolostone or dolomite rock is a sedimentary carbonate rock that contains
a high percentage of the mineral dolomite. CaMg(C03)2
Can either contain bedded layers or be unbedded. It is less soluble than
limestone in weakly acidic groundwater, but it can still develop solution
features over time. Dolostone can act as an oil and natural gas reservoir.
Usually fractured, hard to process (difficult to form bricks), it is brittle. Used
as bulk material: ballast under road, rail ; concrete agregate
White in the vicinity of natural fractures (Mg)
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Coal: usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal
beds or coal seams:
Peat, an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic
matter. considered to be a precursor of coal, has industrial
importance as a fuel in some regions
Lignite, or brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost
exclusively as fuel for electric power generation.
Bituminous coal is a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but
sometimes dark brown, fuel in steam-electric power generation,
Anthracite, the highest rank of coal, is a harder, glossy black coal
used primarily for residential and commercial space heating.
Other Sedimentary rocks
Marl or marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud
or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and silt. The
dominant carbonate mineral in most marls is calcite, but other carbonate
minerals such as aragonite, dolomite, and siderite may be present. his
finely bedded material
Usage.: cement industry, non-load bearing structures, typicaly highly fractured, it
can be only used as bulk material.
Bauxite, an aluminium ore, is the world's main source of aluminium. Red,
pink, water uptake can be high
Usage: in paints, aluminium production, sandpaper.