APUSH Unit VII
By the People, Ch 20-23
America Becomes a World Power
Ch 20
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CONTINUING EXPANSION
Alfred T. Mahan-- naval leader who advocated
a strong navy
1867—U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia
American imperialists overthrow Hawaiian
monarch Queen Liliuokalani so land could be
annexed
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
(1898)
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Alleged Spanish mistreatment of Cubans
angered Americans
Yellow journalism= fabricating news
stories to sell more copies
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Newspapers fanned the flames in Cuba
Explosion of the USS Maine in Cuba's
Havana Harbor led Americans to call for
war against Spain
De Lome letter= Spanish ambassador
talked bad about Pres. McKinley
Teddy Roosevelt becomes a war hero
after the battle at San Juan Hill
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
(1898)
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U.S. destroys Spanish fleet in Manila (Philippines)
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Treaty of Paris (1898)
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US won & gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
TROUBLE IN CUBA AND THE
PHILIPPINES
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Teller amendment-- US chose not
to annex Cuba
Platt amendment-- US still controls
Cuba
The Senate annexed the Philippines
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Rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo
took 3 years to quell
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US remained in control of the
Philippines until WWII
TEDDY'S FOREIGN POLICY
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Pres. Roosevelt pursued dominance
of Latin America
Roosevelt Corollary- the US will
protect & intervene Latin America
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US becomes a police power
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Aka “Big Stick policy”
TR navigated the construction of the
Panama Canal
TR negotiated peace between Japan
and Russia after the Russo-Japanese
War
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& won a Nobel Peace Prize
Gentlemen's Agreement-- eased
tensions between U.S. and Japan
TAFT'S FOREIGN POLICY
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“Dollar Diplomacy”-- American investment in foreign countries
(Latin America) encouraged
Force will be used to collect debts if necessary
WILSON'S “WATCHFUL WAITING”
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Civil War in Mexico led rebel leader Pancho Villa lashed out
against the U.S. by attacking a New Mexico city
Wilson sent Gen. John Pershing after Villa, but he couldn't capture
him
THE GREAT WAR (1914-1918)
Causes:
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Militarism
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Alliances
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Nationalism
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Imperialism
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Assassination (of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand)
THE GREAT WAR (1914-1918)
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Central Powers= Germany, Italy,
Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary
Allies= Great Britain, France, Japan,
Russia (until 1917), U.S. (beginning in
1917)
War was a bloody stalemate for most of
the time
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Trench warfare
New weapons: machine guns**, tanks,
submarines (u-boats), airplanes, poison
gas
THE GREAT WAR (1914-1918)
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US remains neutral (at first)
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Wilson re-elected in 1916: “He kept us out of war”
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Reasons for US entry in 1917:
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German unrestricted submarine warfare
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Lusitania-- British oceanliner sunk by Germany
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Killed 1,198 civilians (128 were Americans)
Zimmerman telegram: Germany to Mexico-- join us & you can have
back CA, AZ, UT, NM, TX
THE WAR AT HOME
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Many Congressmen and other public figures opposed U.S.
involvement
Espionage Act and Sedition Act (1917-1918) were passed to
control opposition
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War dissension= fines, jail
Schenck v. U.S. (1919)-- Congress can limit free speech when it
presents a “clear and present danger”
General John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary
Forces
THE WAR'S END
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Armistice signed in Nov 1918
Pres. Wilson led the Paris Peace Conference, where he presented
his Fourteen Points
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=14 steps for achieving lasting world peace
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Included the creation of a League of Nations to preserve peace
Treaty of Versailles
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Germany blamed 100% for war; has to pay
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New countries created
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League of Nations
WILSON VERSUS THE SENATE
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Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge (R) led opposition against Versailles
treaty & League of Nations
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The Senate voted against both
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The League of Nations formed without US involvement
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America must be ISOLATED
The Roaring Twenties
Ch 21
THE RED SUMMER OF 1919
• Great Migration– period between 1910-1920 when millions of
African Americans migrated to northern cities
• Led to racial tensions over jobs, lynchings
• Intense fear of communism following the Bolshevik Rev. in
Russia
• “Red Scare”
• Palmer Raids= Att. Gen. Palmer launched investigations
searching for American communists
THE “ROARING TWENTIES”
• 1920– Warren G. Harding is elected president
after campaigning for a “return to normalcy”
• American becomes isolated from foreign affairs
• Harding’s administration was corrupt
• Ex: Teapot Dome Scandal– Sec. of Interior Albert
Fall illegally leased gov lands to oil companies for
personal profit
• Prohibition is in full swing (18th Amendment–
1919)
• Result: crime increases (esp. organized crime)
• Bootleggers= illegal manufacturers of alcohol
• Speakeasies= underground bars
“ROARING TWENTIES”
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Emergence of the automobile--> related industries grew
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Movies are a new form of entertainment
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Heroes: Babe Ruth (baseball), Jack Dempsey (boxer), Charles
Lindbergh (pilot)
Lost Generation writers criticized conformity
1920S WOMEN: “FLAPPERS”
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Flappers= short hair,
short skirts, cussing,
smoking, drinking
Margaret Sanger:
organized national
birth control
movement
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
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Great Migration → Harlem Renaissance (NYC)
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Job opportunities drew African Americans north
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Harlem Renaissance
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Jazz dominated the music scene
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New African American art, poetry, literature
1920s AKA “Jazz Age”
Marcus Garvey: African Americans should move back to Africa
1920S CONFLICTS
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KKK returns
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Now also anti-Catholic, Jewish, immigration
Eugenics movement
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Opposed immigration, supported racial segregation
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Strict immigration legislation set quotas
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Sacco & Vanzetti
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Italian immigrants convicted for robbery/murder despite lack of
evidence
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Represented strong nativism
1920S CONFLICTS
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Farmers suffered as international demand for crops declined after
WWI
The Scopes Monkey Trial: science vs. religion
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Modernism vs. Christian fundamentalism
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John Scopes (TN bio teacher) taught evolution, which was against the law
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Clarence Darrow- defense attorney
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William Jennings Bryan- prosecuting attorney
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Found guilty & fined $100
HARDING, COOLIDGE, AND
HOOVER
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All Republican presidents
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All were laissez faire (“hands off”) towards business
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This will lead to the Great Depression
• Ch 22: Living in Hard Times
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
THE GREAT CRASH
• Oct. 29, 1929– the stock market crashed, signaling the start of
the Depression
THE DEPRESSION UNDER HOOVER
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Hoover's efforts were too little, too
late
Felt that Americans needed to fix
their own problems (w/o gov help)
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation-- gave loans to
businesses at risk of folding
Bonus Army– WWI vets marched on
Washington demanding promised
bonuses early
Many blamed Hoover, and he was
not reelected in 1932
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“Hoovervilles” (shantytowns)
THE DEPRESSION UNDER
ROOSEVELT
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Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) won by a landslide in 1932 by promising
a “New Deal”
FDR & his wife Eleanor spoke to the country on the radio via
“fireside chats”, instilling hope
“First Hundred Days”= dozens of new gov. programs were
implemented to improve conditions
THE NEW DEAL
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“relief, recovery, reform”
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)young men hired for outdoor projects
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)farmers were paid not to farm
Public Works Administration (PWA)large-scale projects for the unemployed
THE NEW DEAL
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)-- provided flood control &
electricity to TN region
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National Recovery Administration (NRA)-- attempted to
maintain prices & wages
The Social Security program was est. to provide pensions for the
elderly & unemployed
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Still around
Still around
Works Progress Administration (WPA)-- construction projects +
work for artists
Wagner Act-- provided more protections to labor unions
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)– protects
bank customers’ money up to a certain amount (today: $250k)
• To prevent runs on banks
• Requires banks to keep enough $ in reserve
• Still around*
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)– monitors the
stock market
• Still around*
THE DUST BOWL
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Series of dust storms and drought in
the midwest
Forced many farmers to move to
California
FDR'S CRITICS
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The New Deal: socialist? Or not socialist enough?
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Dr. Francis Townsend: proposed $200/month pension for elderly
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Gov. Huey Long's “Share Our Wealth” program
FDR'S “COURT PACKING” SCHEME
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FDR's 2nd term was far less
productive
The conservative Supreme Court
began declaring many New Deal
programs unconstitutional
FDR proposed a “court packing
bill”, which would increase the size
of the court from 9 members to 15
(a huge violation of checks &
balances)
Bill wasn't passed, but many were
angry at FDR's attempt
THE DEEP ROOTS OF WAR
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The worldwide depression paved the way for dictators to come to
power
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Germany-- Adolf Hitler (Nazism)
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Italy-- Benito Mussolini (Fascist)
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USSR-- Joseph Stalin (Communist)
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Japan-- Hideki Tojo (Military dictatorship)
League of Nations isn't strong enough to stop Hitler
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Takes over the Rhineland, Sudetenland,
Czechoslovakia
THE DEEP ROOTS OF WAR
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Germany, Italy, & eventually Japan form an alliance (Axis Powers)
U.S. issued the Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937), which aimed to
prevent future foreign conflicts
GB & France declared war on Germany after the invasion of
Poland in 1939
CH 23: WWII
PREPAREDNESS & ISOLATION,
1939-1941
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1940: Germans launch blitzkrieg (“lightning
war”) & control much of Europe by June 1940- including France
The German Luftwaffe (air force) begins
massive bombing campaign on Britain, killing
thousands
Lend-Lease Act-- U.S. will assist GB against
Germany by giving them necessary items for
defense
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War production bring U.S. out of depression
Dec. 7, 1941-- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor,
bring the U.S. into the war
MASS MOBILIZATION
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“island hopping”= US tactic in the Pacific
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The Japanese took over many Pacific islands
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Bataan Death March-- Japan captured the Philippines & forced
soldiers (Americans included) on the 66-mile march
THE WAR AT HOME
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Selective Service System-- drafted soldiers during WWII
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Women contributed to war effort more than any minority group
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Worked at home in factories and overseas as nurses, secretaries
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Rosie the Riveter
Americans aided through victory gardens (growing their own
food), rationing, and buying war bonds
THE WAR AT HOME
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Executive Order 9066-- FDR has Japanese Americans moved to
internment camps (1942-1945)
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In response to Americans' fear of a domestic attack from Japan
Korematsu v. US-- upheld Japanese internment
WINNING THE WAR
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D-Day= the Allied invasion of Normandy
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June 6, 1944
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Led by Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Reclaimed France from Germany
Battle of the Bulge= Allied forces moved into Germany (& discovered
the horrors of the Holocaust)
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Vernon Baker– African American to win Congressional MOH
The European campaign ended in April 1945 with Germany's surrender
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Leaving only Japan to take down
WINNING THE WAR
• Navajo Code Talkers= Native Americans’ language was not
deciphered by the Japanese
• Tuskegee Airmen (“red tails”)– African American pilots
contributed significantly to success in WWII
• Contributed to civil rights movement
WINNING THE WAR
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Harry Truman becomes president when FDR dies in April 1945
U.S. used island hopping technique to make the way towards
Japan
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Recaptured Philippines; key victories at Okinawa & Iwo Jima
Manhattan Project
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Started in 1942
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Led by Robert Oppenheimer
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Tested 1st atomic bomb in July 1945
WINNING THE WAR
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Aug 6, 1945-- US dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima
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Aug 9, 1945-- 2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki
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200,000+ casualties
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Aug 15, 1945-- Japan surrendered