Goals
 To become familiar with terminology relating to minority
patients.
 To be comfortable saying out loud what these words
mean, and come to some working agreement on how we
use them.
 To encourage participants to respond when they hear
these terms being used incorrectly.
 To encourage participants to develop tools that will help
them to connect with and advocate for patients who are
marginalized.
Scenarios/Brainstorm
 You are a lesbian patient who has come in for a yearly
physical. You have never met this physician before. Your
partner does not have health insurance.
 Underlying feelings
 What should the doctor do to make this patient feel
comfortable?
 How would you respond if the doctor asked
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Are you married?
Are you sexually active? What form of birth control do you use?
You’ve never had sex with men/women, right?
Oh you’re a lesbian? You aren’t at risk for HIV.
I HAVE to ask, do you have sex with men, women or both?
Do you have sex with men, women or both?
Scenarios
 Gay man concerned about partner’s care
 Lesbian who wants to have children
 Bisexual married woman
 Gender-transitioning person
 Questioning teen
 Immigrant (Legal or undocumented)
 Iraqi man
 African American woman
Have we observed prejudiced
behavior?
 Among physicians?
 Professors?
 Classmates?
What’s wrong with these sentences?
 Although Mary was blonde, she was still intelligent.
 Pat is a male nurse.
 Terry Harris, a well-known female productivity consultant, will
advise the committee.
 Dr. Martinez, a senior citizen, continues to maintain his practice
despite his age.
 Paraplegic James Alton competes in marathons with other
crippled racers who train in wheelchairs.
 With the simple nobility that characterizes his people,
Onondaga Indian leader Leon Shenandoah acted as a spiritual
and political advocate for the Iroquois Confederacy until his
death in 1996.
VOCABULARY
Sex
 “Sex” refers to biologically determined differences in
chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external
sex organs.
 An identity, derived from anatomical or biologic features.
People are assigned a sex at birth based on the
appearance of their genitalia. Occasionally chromosomes,
genitalia, and hormones present in varied combination.
Sex identity can be changed.
Gender
 Gender describes the characteristics that a society or
culture delineates as masculine or feminine.
 Gender identity is an identity derived from the individual’s
internal sense of gender.
Gender Expression
 Behaviors, derived from the individual’s gender identity.
Involves dress, styling, mannerisms, social roles and
interactions. Can only be understood in the context of
given cultural expectations and normative gender roles.
 Gender expression may be particularly fluid over the
course of a person’s lifetime.
Assimilation
 Cultural assimilation is a political response to the
demographic fact of multi-ethnicity which encourages
absorption of the minority into the dominant culture.
 It is opposed to affirmative philosophy (multiculturalism)
which recognizes difference.
 Often used with regard to immigrants.
Acculturation
 The exchange of cultural features that results when groups
having different cultures come into continuous first hand
contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both
groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.
 Exchange of foods, music, dances, clothing, tools,
technologies.
 Related to “Westernization” and cultural appropriation.
Racism
 Racism is the belief that race is the primary determinant of
human traits and capacities and that racial differences
produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Racialism
 Racialism entails a belief in the existence and significance
of racial categories, but not necessarily in a hierarchy
between races.
Ummah
 Ummah is an Arabic word meaning “community” or
“nation.” In the context of Islam, it is used to describe the
diaspora, or “community of believers.”
Ethnic Group
 A category or group of people considered to be
significantly different from others in terms of cultural (ie
dialect, religion, traditions) and sometimes physical
characteristics (ie skin color, body shape). Commonly
recognized North American ethnic groups include
American Indians, Jews, Latinos, Chinese, AfricanAmericans (“black”), European Americans (“white), etc.
Multiculturalism
 A “salad bowl” model of society in which the permanent
existence of unassimilated and partially assimilated
ethnic/racial minorities is accepted and encouraged.
Those who advocate this model for the US generally
advocate providing special attention and assistance to
minorities that have been underrepresented in the past.
Melting Pot
 A society in which immigrants and native ethnic/racial
minorities are assimilated into the dominant national
culture. Those who prefer this model for the US generally
advocate encouraging assimilation in order to reinforce
national unity.
Boundary Maintenance
 Generally considered a positive term, reinforcing an ethnic
group’s unity and distinctness by emphasizing the traits
that set its members apart from others, rather than what
they share in common with them.
 Original rainbow flag had 8 stripes, with specific meanings
ascribed to the colors:
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Pink: sexuality
Red: life
Orange: healing
Yellow: sunlight
Green: nature
Turquise: magic/art
Indigo: serenity/harmony
Violet: spirit
GLBT/LGBT
LGBTQIA =
 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
 Transgender: someone whose gender identity does not match their
anatomical sex
 Queer (sometimes Questioning)
 Intersex: an individual who is born with external/internal genitalia
and/or secondary sex characteristics determined as neither exclusively
male nor female
 Ally: someone who doesn’t identify as, but supports
LGBTQI social movements.
Human Rights Campaign logo symbolizing equality.
HRC is the largest LGBT lobby group/political action committee in the US.
Straight Allies
 Straight ally describes a heterosexual person who
supports equal civil rights, gender equality, and LGBT
social movements.
 Straight allies can also have a “coming out” process.
MSM
 Men who have sex with men
 Refers to men who engage in sexual activity with other
men, regardless of how they identify themselves. Many
choose not to accept social identities of gay or bisexual.
Intersex
 An individual who is born with external/internal genitalia and/or
secondary sex characteristics determined as neither exclusively
male nor female.
 “Hermaphrodite” is an antiquated term that is stigmatizing.
Current change to “Disorder of Sex Development (DSD).
Two-Spirit
 A term used by individuals who are part of American
Indian and Canadian First Nations groups.
 Usually implies both a masculine and feminine spirit living
in the same body.
 Also used by some contemporary LGBT Native Americans
to describe themselves.
 Native terms for these individuals exist in various Native
American languages.
MTF/FTM
 Male to Female/Female to Male
 Generally refers to transsexual individuals.
Genderqueer
 Similar to how “Queer” might refer to any non-normative
sexual orientation, “Genderqueer” relates to a non-binary
sense of gender identity and refusal of labels that may or
may not involve sexual orientation.
Transvestite
 Regardless of motivation, a person who wears clothes
(make-up, etc) that are considered culturally appropriate
for the opposite gender, but not for one’s own.
 Drag queen/king: a person who dresses in clothes of the
opposite gender specifically for an event or performance.
 Crossdressing: a term given to those who dress in clothes of
the opposite gender for any reason other than performance
or special occasions. Usually satisfied with one’s own gender
identity, but finds satisfaction in crossdressing.
Sexual Preference
 Similar to “sexual orientation,” indicating a pattern of
emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to men, women
or both genders. “Sexual preference” is more commonly
used by people who believe that sexual orientation is a
matter of choice.
Sexual Orientation
 The preferred term used to describe pattern of emotional,
romantic and sexual attractions to men, women, or both
(or neither).
 Also has a social component: sexual orientation refers to a
person’s sense of “personal and social identity based on
those attractions, behaviors expressing them, and a
membership in a community of others who share them.”
Affectional Orientation
 Used alternatively to “sexual orientation.” It is based on
the perspective that sexual attraction is one component of
a larger dynamic; one’s orientation is defined by those
with whom one is predisposed to fall in love.
Hypodescent
 In societies that regard some races of people as dominant or
superior and others as subordinate or inferior, hypodescent
is the assignment of mixed-race children to the race that is
considered subordinate or inferior. The opposite practice is
hyperdescent, in which children are assigned to the race that
is considered dominant or superior.
 The Nazis used this criterion for labeling people as Jews
whose only connection with Judaism was a
grandparent. Similarly, it has been used in North America to
label people as African American even if they were mostly
European in biological ancestry. Hypodescent is also known
as the "drop of blood" criterion.
Stonewall
 Birth of the gay rights movement in the US: the Stonewall
riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations
against a police raid in Greenwich Village, NYC, June 28,
1969. Commonly cited as the first instance in US history
when people in the LGBT community fought back against
persecution of sexual minorities.
Minority
 Less than one-half.
Majority
 Greater than one-half.
AHANA
 “African-American Hispanic Asian Native American”
inclusive term coined at Boston College in 1979 by two
students who objected to the name “Office of Minority
Programs.” They cited the definition of the word minority
as “less than” and proposed, instead, to use AHANA which
they felt celebrated social and cultural differences.
Debrief
 What did you learn?
 How do you feel about how the words were defined? Did
it change your perception after hearing the definition?
 Are we in agreement over these definitions or not?
 How can we speak up if we hear questionable language
coming from a
 Professor
 Peer
 Attending Physician