TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Nomadic and Settled Peoples
- traded w/settled peoples
- agriculture and manufactured goods
- linked societies from China to Mediterranean Basin
Nomadic Society
- two social classes: nobles & commoners
- nobles: charismatic leaders, clans & tribes
into alliances, fluid class
-commoners: gain recognition and move up
What did nomadic people in Central Asia do?
(19)
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
Chinngis Khan and the making of the Mongol Empire
Chinggis Khan’s Rise to Power
- Unifier of the Mongols originally named Temujin
- alliance w/Mongol clan leader, steppe diplomacy (loyalty
but betrayal through advancement)
- brought all Mongol tribes into a single confederation
- 1206 became known as Chinggis Khan (universal
ruler)
DEFINE: Khan and
Chinggis Khan
Who united all Mongol tribes into one
confederation? (21)
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
Mongol Conquest of N. China
- extended Mongol rule to Northern China,
dominance by 1220
Mongol Conquest of Persia
- ruled by Saljuqs known as the Khwarazm shah
- despised Mongols ordered them to assassinate Chinggis
Khan, unsuccessful
- Chinggis retaliated and took control of his army and his realm
- destroyed qanat irrigation system
- no establish central gov’t, assigned overlords for
administration.
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
The Mongol Empire after Chinggis Khan
Khubilai Khan
- after Chinggis death there was a power
struggle, divided empire into 4 regional realms
amongst grandsons.
- Consolidated China
- ruthless attacks against enemies, improved
welfare of subjects, tolerant of religions
Who was Khubilai Khan?
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
Mongol Conquest of Southern China
- Kubilai in 1279 est. Yuan Dynasty till 1368
- attempted several invasions in SE Asia but
was unsuccessful
The Golden Horde
-1237-1241
-maintained a large army
-extracted tribute from Russian cities and
agricultural production, did not find the land
appealing
Discuss Mongol rule in China. (23)
Discuss Yuan Dynasty
Discuss the Golden Horde
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
The llkhanate of Persia
-Khubilai’s brother Hulegu defeated
Abbasid empire and started the Mongol’s
ilkhanate in Persia.
- needed to become governors as well as
conquerors
- difficult adjustment as administrators
- could not maintain land lost most of it w/in a
century.
Discuss the Ilkhanate
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
Mongols and Eurasian Integration
The Mongols and Trade
- linked lands more directly
- maintained a good courier network relaying news,
information, & gov’t orders
- encouragement of travel and communication
facilitated trade, diplomatic travel, missionary efforts
and people to new lands
- safe trade routes allowed for more merchants to travel
allowing for more commercial investment
-creating a safe direct link between China and Europe
for the first time
Why did long distance trade in Eurasia
increase? (22)
AFTER THE MONGOLS
Tamerlane the Whirlwind
The Lame Conqueror
- the end of the Mongols created a political
vacuum.
-Ming took over China
- Turkish Timur aka Tamerlame took over Persia
- Modeled himself after Chinggis Khan, steppe
politics
What was the real name of “lame the
conqueror”?(20)
AFTER THE MONGOLS
Tamerlane’s Conquest
- Places invaded and used for taxes
include: Persia, Afghanistan, Golden Horde,
India, attempts in Asia & Anatolia, tried for
China but died before it could be accomplished
in 1405
- Like others he was a conqueror not a ruler,
no real administration, only tribal leaders were
allies, relied on overlords in his conquered
territories
Discuss Tamerlane
AFTER THE MONGOLS
Who led the Turkish army and captured
Constantinople in 1453?(18)
Tamerlane’s heirs
- no organization meant conflicts between
sons and grandsons.
Discuss Osman
-territory divided into four main regions
The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
Osman
-after the Mongols collapsed nomadic people
moved into territories of Anatolia.
- Series of campaigns of conquest emerged one
of its leaders was Osman
-1299 he declares independence from the Saljuq
sultans and begins to create his own state
- His followers begin to be called Ottomans
•
-After Osman, Mehmed II captures
Constantinople
EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN
MIGRATIONS: AFRICAN POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
Kin Based Societies
- did not rely on elaborate bureaucracy or hierarchy
- Bantus governed themselves through family & kinship
groups (usu. About 100 p/village)
- Most prominent family head was the chiefruling council
(male heads of family)disciplined their own family and
kinship
- groups of villagesdistrict (no chief or gov’t for the
district)
Discuss Kin Based Societies
I. EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN
MIGRATIONS: AFRICAN POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
Chiefdoms
- as conflicts between villages and districts arose
militaries arose for protection and defense
- many districts fell under the rule of
powerful chiefs that overran the rule of kinship
groups
- consolidated small conquered lands into
kingdoms
Discuss Chiefdoms
EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN
MIGRATIONS: AFRICAN POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
Kingdom of Kongo
- most active area of political development
- population pressures and military challenges
encourage kin-based societies to form small
states
-participated in trade networks
- gov’t included: kingofficials (military, judicial,
financial affairs) governors (provinces) 
subordinate officials (districts)chiefs (local gov’t)- royal
currency
Discuss Kingdom of Kongo
ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES
Camels
-quickened he pace of transportation & communication
came from Arabia about 7th c.
- replaced horses and donkeys
The Kingdom of Ghana
- W. Africa ,
4/5th
c., regional state
How did camels help Africa? (29)
Discuss Kingdom of Ghana
- most important commercial site in W. Africa
-Koumbi-Saleh capital of Ghana (buildings, mosques,
large army)
- center for trade in gold
- controlled and taxed trade of gold, helped strengthen their
realm
- other exports: ivory, slaves
- imports: horses, cloth, manufactured goods, salt
ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES
Islam in West Africa
- Kings of Ghana converted to Islam
- improved relations w/Muslim merchants from N.
Africa as well as nomads
- conversion brought: recognition, support
- conversion of traders esp.
- raids weakened the kingdom and soon
collapsed
- political leadership fell to the Mali empire
Why did it help rulers to convert to Islam in
the kingdoms of Ghana & Mali?(24)
ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES
What is the story of Sundiata about?(25)
Sundiata
- built Mali empire first half of 13th c. - had alliances,
reputation of courage, large army (cavalry)
The Mali Empire & Trade
- benefited from Trans-Saharan trade
- controlled and taxed trade in W. Africa
- honored Islam and provided protection, lodging and
comforts to Muslim merchants from the north
Why did it take longer for trade and
communication to exist in Sub-Saharan
Africa? (27)
ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES
Mansa Musa and Islam
Islam in East Africa,
- conversion to Islam in East Africa brought cooperation
w/Muslim merchants along the Indian Ocean Basin
- conversion brought: legitimacy, recognition, political
alliances
Discuss Mansa Musa
AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT: SOCIAL CLASSES
Age Grades
- individuals in community within a given age
group
- arose in Sudan
- performed tasks appropriate to their age and
development(labor for projects, helped elderly,
helped each other in adversities and challenges)
- created a bond among the group
Discuss Age Grades
AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT: SOCIAL CLASSES
Slavery
- captives of war, debtors, suspected witches,
criminals
- worked as agricultural laborers and construction
laborers, miners or porters
- a form of wealth in Sub-Saharan Africa
- built wealth using trade
- Northern lands traded with Sub-Saharan Africa
- slave raiding became prominent leading to wars
among states and kin-based societies
In the 11th century why did the slave trade
become important in Africa?(28)
AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT: AFRICAN RELIGION
Diviners
- religious specialists
- intelligent people understood the poli-socioeconomics of their community
- learn cause of misfortuneconsult oracle 
prescribe necessary remedy
- more focused on controlling the experiences of
the world, emphasized morality and proper
behavior
- kinship groups took responsibility for those who
misbehave
Discuss Diviners
AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT: THE ARRIVAL OF
Where was Christianity
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
located in Sub-Saharan
Early Christianity in N. Africa
Africa? (26)
- reached Egypt and N. Africa throughout the Mediterranean
Basin
- Alexandria prominent area of Christianity
The Christian Kingdom of Axum
- location if modern Ethiopia
- first converts were probably local merchants, in hopes of
improving relations w/neighbors to the north
- reflects the larger political experience of the region
- 7th c. Axum fell to Islam but during 12th c. -16th c. it arose
again
- Ethiopia’s Solomonic dynasty claimed ancestry from David
and Solomon, Kebra Negast (fictional work) traces this
lineage
Discuss Ethiopian Christianity
AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT: THE ARRIVAL OF
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
Ethiopian Christianity
- Retained basic Christian theology & rituals
- belief of evil spirits, carried amulets and charms for
protection
African Islam
- reflected interest of local converts
- Islam kept a place for Sub-Saharan African traditions and
beliefs
- Islam in African accommodated to proper relations between
sexes
- Islam supplemented rather than replaced traditional religions of
Sub-Saharan Africa