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Chapter 18 Study Guide
Introduction: Effects of the French Revolution
1. What kind of people commanded the Citizen armies of France?
2. Which armies defeated professionally trained armies?
3. Which faith in France was seriously challenged?
4. What was Europe plunged into for a quarter century?
The Crisis of the French Monarchy
5. What major problem did the monarchy face in the late-eighteenth century?
6. Which French institution spoke for aristocratic interests?
7. Who was the king of France from 1774 to 1792?
8. Who was the wife of Louis XVI and gained a reputation for scandal and personal extravagance?
9. Who was the royal director-general of finances and produced a public report in 1781 that revealed that a large
portion of royal expenditures went to pensions for aristocrats and other royal court favorites?
10. Who became the minister of finance by 1786?
11. List the four things that were in Calonne’s reform plan:
12. Who was responsible for the introduction of the revolutionary land tax that all landowners would have to pay
regardless of their social status?
13. According to the Assembly of Notables and the Parlement of Paris, what is the only French institution that could
consent to new taxes?
14. Why did King Louis XVI convene the Estates General?
The Revolution of 1789
15. Which group made up the First Estate of the Estates General?
16. Which group made up the Second Estate of the Estates General?
17. Which group made up the Third Estate of the Estates General?
18. List the two attempts made by the aristocracy in the Assembly of Notables to limit the influence of the Third Estate:
19. List the four grievances of the Cahiers de Doleances that were presented to the king:
20. What did the Third Estate declare itself on June 17?
21. What oath was taken on June 20th, 1789 by the National Assembly to give France a constitution?
22. How would voting occur because of this oath?
23. What new name did the National Assembly give itself?
24. What did most members of the National Constituent Assembly want to establish?
25. Which minister of finance was dismissed by King Louis XVI on July 11, 1789?
26. What commodity, or the lack thereof, caused riots?
27. What fortress in Paris was stormed by shopkeepers, tradesmen, artisans, and wage earners on July 14, 1789?
28. What name was given to the militia of Paris when it was established on July 15, 1789?
29. Which hero of the American Revolution took command of the militia of Paris?
30. What were the three colors of the new French flag?
31. What name was given to the disturbances that swept the French countryside in August 1789?
32. What did the peasants reclaim from the aristocracy in this event?
33. Who renounced their feudal rights and announced that all French citizens were subject to the same and equal laws
on the night of August 4, 1789?
34. What caused the price of food to increase in 1789?
35. What assembly proclaimed The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen?
36. What was American document was this modeled after?
37. What French palace was attacked by 7,000 Parisian women on October 5, 1789?
38. Who was forced to return to Paris after the march on Versailles?
The Reconstruction of France
39. What governmental system did the National Constituent Assembly pursue?
40. What founding document did the National Constituent Assembly adopt which established a Constitutional
Monarchy?
41. According to the French Constitution of 1791, who paid annual taxes equal to three days of labor wages?
42. How many Frenchman were qualified as electors or members of the Legislative Assembly according to the
Constitution of 1791?
43. Who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women in 1791?
44. What were the traditional provinces of France replaced with by the National Constituent Assembly?
45. What ancient judicial courts were abolished and replaced by uniform courts with elected judges and prosecutors?
46. What system of uniform weights and measures was adopted during the French Revolution?
47. What law forbade workers associations?
48. What ancient institution had its land confiscated to finance France’s debt?
49. What government bonds were backed by confiscated church lands, circulated as money, and resulted in inflation
when the government printed too many of them?
50. What transformed the Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the French government?
51. Which pope condemned this action as well as the French Revolution?
52. Which institution was openly hostile to the French Revolution after the passage of the Civil Constitution of the
Clergy?
53. What name was given to French aristocrats who relocated to the French border and tried to start a counterrevolution?
54. What happened to King Louis XVI and his family after being captured at Varennes after attempting to flee France
for Austria?
55. What declaration was issued on August 27, 1791 by Emperor Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire and Frederick
William II of Prussia that promised intervention by these countries in order to protect the French royal family and
preserve the monarchy?
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution
56. What political organization replaced the National Constituent Assembly in 1791 and was made up of entirely new
members?
57. What was the most famous club of the Third Estate and had established a network of local clubs throughout the
provinces?
58. List the three things that Jacobins embraced from Rousseau:
59. What political system did they want instead of a constitutional monarchy?
60. What group of Jacobins assumed leadership in the Legislative Assembly?
61. What country did France declare war on in April, 1792?
62. What became an independent political force that casted itself in the role of the protector of the gains of the
revolution against both internal and external enemies?
63. What palace was invaded on August 10, 1792 by a large crowd that forced Louis XVI and Mariel Antoinette to take
refuge in the Legislative Assembly and killed hundreds of Swiss Guards?
64. What became the new government in France on September 21, 1792?
65. What French term translates to “without breeches” and referred to “workers” and was the most radical of the
Jacobin factions?
66. List the two things that the Sans Culottes wanted above all else:
67. Which French monarch was condemned to death for conspiring against the liberty of the people and was executed
on January 21, 1793?
68. What revolt in March 1793 supported the monarchy?
Europe at War with the Revolution
69. Which British Statesman wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France and viewed the French Revolution as short
sided and politically ignorant?
70. List of Edmund Burke’s predictions about the French Revolution:
71. Who wrote The Rights of Man in 1792 and defended the principles of the revolution?
72. Which British Prime Minister suppressed reform and popular movements during the 1780’s?
73. Which Prussian ruler promised to defend the new Polish constitutional order?
74. Which Polish military leader fought in the American Revolution?
75. Which three countries sent troops to Poland to put down Polish patriots and partitioned Poland among themselves?
The Reign of Terror
76. List the four major countries that made up the First Coalition and were at war with France by April 1793:
77. What name is given to the period between the summer of 1793 and the end of July 1794 when the French
revolutionary state used extensive executions and violence to defend the Revolution and suppress its alleged
internal enemies?
78. What was established to carry out the executive duties of the government in April 1793?
79. What was issued in 1793 that required the entire population of France to join the military?
80. What army was larger than any other European army in history by late 1794 and numbered at one million men?
81. What political philosophy exemplifies the public good over the private good?
82. Who stated in the Social Contract one should sacrifice of one’s self and one’s interest for the good of the republic?
83. Who embodied the “Republic of Virtue”?
84. List the three policies associated with terror in the name of republican virtue:
85. What marked the first day of the new French calendar?
86. What name was given to the Cathedral of Notre Dame during the French Revolution?
87. What execution device was considered humane and equal?
88. What name was given to extreme sans-culottes?
89. Which national hero was executed in April 1794?
90. What law permitted the conviction of counterrevolutionaries without substantial evidence?
91. What cult was founded by Robespierre to be a civic religion for France?
92. Who “was the unwitting creator of his own destruction”?
The Thermidorian Reaction
93. What resulted in a new constitution, the closing of the Paris Jacobin Club, the reduction of political power of the
sans culottes, and a pull back from the radical revolution?
94. What happened to the Jacobins after the Reign of Terror?
95. Which group murdered suspected Jacobins?
96. Who had more freedom before 1789?
97. For which social class had the French Revolution been a victory?
98. Which French general commanded the canon and dispersed a crowd with grapeshot?
99. Which treaty was signed in June 1795?
100. What two countries agreed to peace with the Convention of France?