CARBOHYDRATES
GRAHAM, JACK, RICHARD, TONY,
WINGSHUN
FUNCTIONS
Main purposes: energy, storage, structure
• provides energy  50-80% of energy used by body is drawn
from carbs
• energy not immediately used and stored as glycogen
(a polysaccharide carb) for future use
• helps oxidise fat  w/o carbs, body can’t get energy from
fat, which provides double the amount of energy
• spares protein from being used for energy, so it can be used to
build/repair tissues
• aids digestion
• helps make up cell & tissue structures
• source of carbon for synthesis of other compounds
MONOMER
• The smallest unit that makes up
a carbohydrate is a
MONOSACCHARIDE
• Monos = single
• Sacchar = sugar
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
• Empirical formula of carbohydrate is
Cm(H20)n
Monosaccharides,
Disaccharides & Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides: carbohydrates with a small # of carbon
atoms (3-7)
• Aka simple sugars
• ex. fructose & glucose
• Disaccharides: made of 2 monosaccharides joined together
with a glycosidic linkage
• Ex. maltose  formed from 2 glucoses
sucrose  formed from a glucose & fructose
• Glycosidic linkage: covalent bond between 2 simple sugars from
a dehydration reaction
•Polysaccharides: made of many monosaccharides chained
together (so they’re polymers)
• Ex. starch & glycogen
STARCH
• is a storage polysaccharide made of glucose in plants
• is stored energy from which glucose can be withdrawn by
hydrolysis to be used as a nutrient
• stored by plants in plastids
• bond angles make it helical shaped
GLYCOGEN
• glycogen is the storage polysaccharide of glucose in
animals
• Stored mostly in liver & muscles)
• extensively branched\
• when animals need sugar, glycogen undergoes hydrolysis
to release glucose
CELLULOSE
• cellulose is an indigestible (for most organisms) type of
polysaccharide
• makes up the structure of plant cell walls
• different glycosidic linkages in starch & cellulose makes the
shape of the molecules slightly different
• straight and not branched
WORKS CITED
Ashiya. "5 Most Essential Functions of Carbohydrates." Preserve Articles.
PreserveArticles.com, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2012.
<http://www.preservearticles.com/201105146671/5-most-essential-functions-ofcarbohydrates.html>.
Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. "The Structure and Function of
Macromolecules." Biology. Sixth ed. N.p.: Benjamin Cummings, 2002. 64-68. Print.
"Carbohydrates." SparkNotes. SparkNotes LLC, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2012.
<http://www.sparknotes.com/health/carbohydrates/section1.rhtml>.
Tom. "Carbohydrates !" AP Biology 2007 (Period 1&2). Blogger, 12 Nov. 2007. Web. 26 Sept.
2012. <http://apbio12007.blogspot.ca/2007/11/carbohydrates.html>.
IMAGES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starchy-foods..jpg
http://www.everydiet.org/995/types-of-carbohydrates
http://www.understanding-horse-nutrition.com/carbohydrates.html
http://www2.ustboniface.ca/cusb/abernier/Biologie/Chimie/structure
fonctionmacromol.htm
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htm
http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/a_b_glucose_d
ifferences.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glykogen.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cellulose_Sessel.svg