Do Now: 9/4/2015
1. Give back Ch. 1 Short Answer Questions peer reviews.
2. Take 5 minutes to discuss peer reviews with study buddies
Independent Practice
1.
2.
3.
Ch. 3 Reading Guide (due 9/11)
Ch. 1 Short Answer Questions (due 9/9)
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•Thursday 4:15-5:00!
Remind!
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BIG PICTURE Question: Evaluate the extent to
which trans-Atlantic interactions from 1600 to
1763 contributed to maintaining continuity as
well as fostering change in labor systems in the
British North American colonies.
Re-write this in the form of a question:
How did labor systems (who was working, what
kind of work was done) change during the
colonial period through triangle trade, and how
did they remain the same?
Formation of the English Colonies
Outcomes
• SWBAT identify and explain three key differences between the New
England, Middle, and Southern colonies and why these differences
occurred.
• SWBAT identify and explain two trends in colonial society, such as the
Great Awakening, the growth of slavery, and impact of the
Enlightenment.
Review: The Three Main Rivals
Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and colonial environments led to
very different patterns of colonization
• Spanish in the Southwest and Florida
• French in Canada and along the Mississippi
• English on the East Coast
• Also, Dutch in New York
Review: New Spain
• Motivation – riches and religious converts
• encomienda system
• intermarriage resulted in
racial caste system
Review: New France (and also the Dutch)
• Motivation – fur trading and some religious
conversion (but in a much friendlier way than
the Spanish), NOT large-scale permanent
settlement
• Had mostly positive relationship with Native
Americans
• Alliances and intermarriage
The English
Motivation – Riches OR religious freedom (rather than religious
conversion of Native Americans)
• Focus on permanent settlements led to mostly hostile relationships with
Native Americans
• Two areas of early colonization were the Chesapeake and New England,
then the whole Atlantic coast
Early Colonization:
Chesapeake & New England
The
Chesapeake
Colonies
Virginia
• Jamestown, 1607
• Founded by joint stock company hoping to
get rich
• Struggled with disease and food early on
(“the starving time”), saved by leadership of
John Smith
• Became profitable with tobacco, brought by
John Rolfe
Life in Virginia
• House of Burgesses – the first legislative body in the colonies
• Representative assembly elected by white male landowners
• Headright system encouraged settlement and created a workforce by
offer 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for an immigrant to come over
• Early labor force was indentured servants
• Mostly poor, single young men
Challenge Question #1
A majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake Bay area were
(A) disfranchised Catholics
(B) families with young children
(C) indentured servants
(D) merchants and craftsmen
(E) wealthy gentlemen
The
New England
Colonies
New England
• Plymouth
• Pilgrims = families of Separatists (they
completely separated from Church of
England)
• Sailed on Mayflower in 1620 to Plymouth,
MA
• Came for religious freedom
• Rough beginning, half died in first winter,
saved with help of Native Americans
Squanto and Massasoit
• Led by Myles Standish (military leader)
and William Bradford (religious and
political leader)
The Mayflower Compact
• Agreed to Mayflower Compact
• Agreed to self-rule through majority rule
New England
• Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Governor John Winthrop led the Puritans to
Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630
• “City Upon a Hill”
• Called Puritans because they wanted to purify Church of
England of its Catholic components
• Mostly families came over together, operated farms by
themselves
Anne Hutchinson & Roger Williams
• Both banished from Massachusetts Bay for questioning the Puritan
leadership
• Roger Williams founded Rhode Island
Challenge Question #2
Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in
1637 because she
(A) advocated giving women full inheritance
(B) advocated the inclusion of American Indians in Puritan congregations
(C) challenged the religious beliefs of the colony’s leaders
(D) violated Puritan laws regarding marriage
(E) was a Quaker who sought converts
Conflict Between Native Americans and Colonists
• Conflict brought on by increasing number of English colonists and their way
of life
• Farming, especially for cash crops, required huge amounts of land
• Most English colonists did not respect Native Americans and wished to banish them
or convert them to Christianity (Roger Williams and the Quakers were notable
exceptions)
• The Native American population was greatly decimated by European diseases
Opechancanough
• Led the Powhatan Native Americans against Jamestown in the first half
of the 17th century
• Over 350 colonists were killed in one attack
• The Powhatan were massacred in other attacks
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Bacon led a group of backwoods farmers against
the government at Jamestown
• The farmers felt the government was not protecting
them from Native Americans
• They killed many Native Americans and burnt down
Jamestown
• The revolt was crushed when Bacon died of dysentery
Challenge Question #3
Which of the following happened as a result of Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676?
(A) Governor William Berkley abolished Virginia’s House of Burgesses.
(B) Virginia passed new laws protecting workers’ rights.
(C) Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were
exposed.
(D) Indentured servants received additional free land after fulfilling their
terms of service.
(E) The king allowed Virginia colonists to select their own governor.
Pequot Massacre
• 1637 in what is now Connecticut
• Puritans massacred mostly old men, women, and children at Mystic River
King Phillips’s War
• Native Americans in New England were upset about territorial
encroachment and forced conversion to Christianity
• Metacom (called King Phillip by the English) united thousands of Native
Americans in New England and battled the English colonists in 16751676
• Hundreds killed on both sides
• Metacom was captured, beheaded, drawn, and quartered
• This marked the end of Native American resistance in New England
Review: Pueblo Revolt
• Popé led an uprising by the Pueblos against the Spanish in New Mexico
in 1680
• The most successful Native American resistance
• Hundreds of Spanish settlers were killed and the Spanish were forced out of New Mexico for
more than a decade
Colonial Society
A Colonial Comparison
New England vs. Middle Colonies vs. Southern Colonies
Challenge
Question #4
New England
• Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, and New
Hampshire
• Mostly large English families
• Long life expectancy and tightknit communities
• Massachusetts law required
towns of 50+ families to have
schools (for boys)
• Puritan Massachusetts was very
religiously intolerant, Rhode
Island was very tolerant
New England’s Economy
• Mixed economy
• Based on subsitance farming
• Also shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, trading
Middle Colonies
• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware
• Diverse population including slaves
and non-English Europeans
Middle Colonies Economy
• Large cash crop farms for wheat and corn
• Indentured and hired servants, and slaves
• Growing trading cities like Philadelphia and New York
Quakers
• Settled predominantly in Pennsylvania, but also New Jersey and
Delaware
• Different from other colonial Christians in that they:
•
•
•
•
Were pacifists
believed the ultimate religious authority comes from the inner Light of Christ
Allowed women to take an active role
Friendly with Native Americans
• Quakers were often persecuted for these beliefs
The Paxton Boys, 1764
Challenge Question #5
The Quakers were unique among the religious groups that settled in North
America during the seventeenth century because they
A. defended the rights of White people to hold American Indians in
slavery
B. founded a colony in which all inhabitants were obliged by law to
subscribe to Quaker beliefs
C. allowed women to speak publicly in their religious meetings and to
be missionaries
D. emphasized religious conversion through revival meetings
E. emphasized the distance between the human and the divine
Southern Colonies
• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia
• Greatest income inequality of the
three regions
• Wealthy planters, frontier farmers, slaves
The Southern Colonies Economy
• The Southern economy was based on agriculture
• Small farms and enormous plantations
• Chesapeake – tobacco
• South Carolina and Georgia – rice and indigo
• Slaves replaced indentured servants on large plantations
CHALLENGE QUESTION #6
Why did the three
regions end up
being so
different?
CHALLENGE QUESTION #6
Why did the three regions end up
being so different?
•people that colonized them (EX:
Puritan families vs. young single
male indentured servants)
•motivations for colonization
•environment
The Rise of Slavery
Increasing Numbers
• First Africans came as indentured servants in 1619
• Slavery legally established by House of Burgesses in 1670
• Slaves replaced indentured servants in the South
• Task labor in Carolina – specific tasks were assigned, slaves were given more
autonomy
• Gang labor in Virginia – slaves were forced to work in groups, closely watched
• Almost 90% of slaves were taken to the South
• By 1720, 70% of pop. of S. Carolina were slaves
• Georgia (the last free colony) legalized slavery in 1750
All servants imported and brought into the Country. . . who were not
Christians in their native Country. . . shall be accounted and be slaves. All
Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion. . . shall be held to
be real estate. If any slave resists his master. . . correcting such slave, and
shall happen to be killed in such correction. . . the master shall be free of
all punishment. . . as if such accident never happened.
- Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705
CHALLENGE QUESTION #7
Why did slaves
replace indentured
servants as the
main source of
labor in the South?
CHALLENGE QUESTION #7
Why did slaves replace indentured servants as the main source of labor in the
South?
• sickle cell made West-Africans more resistant to malaria
• cheaper in the long term – slaves were workers for life
• children of slaves were also slaves
• English immigrants stopped volunteering to be indentured servants – too
dangerous and too hard
Resistance to Slavery
• Mosé – community of escaped slaves in Spanish Florida
• Slaves associated Spanish Florida w/ freedom
• Stono Rebellion in S. Carolina, 1739 – Slaves took up arms and headed for
Florida
• New York Conspiracy Trials, 1741 – 31 slaves killed in fear of Catholic plot
Less Exciting (But Equally Important) Forms of
Resistance
• Work slow downs
• Sabotage
• Family units
• Religion
Challenge Question #8
The slaves who participated in the Stono rebellion in South Carolina in
1739 hoped to
(A) take over the colony and end slavery in it
(B) return to Africa by commandeering boats
(C) run away to join Maroon groups living in the backcountry
(D) escape to the North where they would be free
(E) flee to Florida where the Spanish offered freedom
Mercantilism and Salutary Neglect
• Mercantilism said that trade and colonies would make a country strong.
• Colonies existed solely to enrich the mother country with natural resources and
to be a market for goods.
• Through the mid-1700s, England adopted a policy of salutary neglect, in
which the British government did not strictly control the colonies and
allowed the Navigation Acts to only be loosely enforced.
Challenge Question #9
Mercantilism as applied by Britain to its North American colonies meant
that the British government
(A) subsidized colonial merchants
(B) encouraged the colonists to trade with other foreign countries
(C) encouraged the colonies to become economically self-sufficient
(D) regulated colonial shipping and tobacco production
(E) barred trade with American Indians
The Great Awakening – 1730s &1740s
• The Great Awakening was a period when many people rediscovered
Christianity with emotional revivals by evangelical preachers
• George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, and Cotton Mather were very
popular
• The Great Awakening resulted in emotionalism entered Protestant
services, new sects were created, and people studied the Bible more at
home
“The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider,
or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully
provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as
worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; . . . And yet it is
nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every
moment.”
Jonathan Edwards, 1741
Challenge Question #10
The Great Awakening in the 1740s led to
(A) the growth of religious conformity throughout all the colonies
(B) an increase in attacks on American Indian peoples
(C) the establishment of Harvard College in Massachusetts
(D) splits among existing religious denominations and the rise of new
churches
(E) the growth of hysteria in Massachusetts over witchcraft
The Enlightenment – Mid 18th Century
• This philosophy dismissed rigid
religious doctrine and promoted
knowledge and social improvement
• Accompanied by print revolution
which spread new ideas through
newspapers and pamphlets
• Georgia was an Enlightenment
experiment (and a buffer zone
between Spanish Florida)
Phillis Wheatley
I love Latin!
Pod Power!
To best prepare for the Unit 1 Test:
1.
2.
Focus on Guided Study questions first
Finish up vocab second
Format:
• 15 multiple choice
• 6 vocab IDs (the more info the better!)
• 2 short answers
90 MASTERY
POINTS TOTAL
Independent Practice
1.
Review for the Ch. 3 Quiz
•
•
•
2.
Complete Ch. 3 Reading Guide
Work with your Study Buddies to prepare notecards, mini quizzes, etc.
Quiz will be on Thursday/Friday
Begin review for Unit 1 test
•
•
Read and ANNOTATE “Period 2: 1607-1754”
Study Guides will be distributed Thursday/Friday
Office Hours:
•Tuesday 8:00-8:45!
•Thursday 4:15-5:00!