Chapter 17 Therapies/Treatment


AP Outline Says:
“Treatment of Psychological Disorders”


Treatment Approaches
Insight Therapies






Psychodynamic Approaches
Behavioral Approaches
Cognitive Approaches
Eclectic Approache
Modes of Therapy – individual, group
Community and Preventative Approaches
Main Areas


Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Humanistic Therapy (Rogers/Maslow)



Behavior Therapy



Client Centered Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Group Family Couples
Biological Treatments



Psycho Surgery
Electro Convulsive Therapy
Psychoactive Drugs
Fun Facts



15% of adults
21% children are receiving some form of treatment
$150 billion dollars a year is spent







Including disability and lost productivity
The most common targets of treatment are :
Anxiety
Other not diagnosed problems
Mood disorders
Relationship conflicts
Grief
Impulse control
Divorce
Retirement etc.
Substance abuse
And combinations of those-
Basic Features of Treatment


Client/Patient
Therapist= Psychologists/Psychiatirsts




Inpatient- could be days, weeks in a hospital/clinical
setting- usually with drug therapy



Clinical Social Workers
Marriage and Family Therapists
Licensed Professional Counselors
Usually pose a danger to themselves and others
Outpatient- psycho therapy and or drugs could be used
Less severe symptoms
Goals of Therapy



Change thinking, feelings, behavior
Impulse, functioning
Relieve Discomfort
Characteristics of Psychoanalysis







One on one (Client Therapist relationship is key)
Talk Therapy
Long Term duration
Look for relationship between an individual’s life history
and current problems
Finding role of thoughts, emotions and motivation
Focus is to help gain insight
Goal is to get the patient to understand how past
conflicts determine current problems
Psychodynamic Psycho Therapy

Freud
Conflicts Ego, ID, Superego
Unconscious
Personality

Psychoanalysis-





Goal to understand unconscious conflicts
And how they affect the client
Psychoanalysis continued
Free Association



Patient talks about what is on their mind and is prompted by
questioning from therapist
Therapist analyzes the potential components that give insight
and helps the client understand the subconscious processes
and conflicts
Transference

Unconscious process in which childhood feelings and conflicts
about parents and other significant people were being
transferred to the therapist
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy


Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis- method of psychotherapy
aimed at revealing and resolving conflicts that
are in the unconscious






Free Association
Resistance
Dream Interpretation
Freudian Slips
Transference
Contemporary Psychoanalysis

Less time and cost effective
Humanistic Therapy

See people as capable of consciously controlling their
own actions and taking responsibility for their own
decisions

Humanists believe most behavior is motivated by an
innate drive toward personal growth and improvement

Behavior is guided by the way people perceive the world

Hence, Distorted perceptions blocks growth
Humanistic Therapy

Assumptions
Therapy tries to help clients restart their natural growth

Promotes insights into current feelings

Therapists try to create feelings with client




They try to show the client they are accepted, supported
Create a positive relationship with patient
Clients are shown that they are in charge of how they feel
Humanistic Psychotherapy



Carl Rogers
Humanistic Perspective- emphasizes striving for and
reaching human potential
Humanistic Psychotherapy- Most important feature
of a person is their self-concept and that disorders derive
from unhealthy environments (growth is interfered or
stopped).


Client-centered
Gestalt Therapy
Humanism- Client Centered Therapy






1st create a relationship
Key is listening and understanding
Clients become more self confident
More accepting themselves
Use
Unconditional Positive Regard = acceptance




Empathy


Help the client understand they themselves are worthy
Acceptance
Reinforce client’s ability to solve their own problems
Therapists try to emotionally understand what a client might be thinking and
feeling
Congruence (acting in ways that are consistent)
Gestalt Therapy Humanistic Psych

Seeks to create conditions in which clients become more
self aware and accepting

They try to get clients to really know themselves

Behavior Therapy



Client Insight
Most psychological problems are learned behaviors that
can be changed by taking action to learn new ones
(not searching for underlying causes)
Methods of Treatment

Two Main Types of Therapy

Psychotherapy- based on interaction between a trained
therapist, using psychological techniques, and a client, who is
experiencing emotional, behavioral, or interpersonal problems.

Biomedical Therapies- use medications, electroconvulsive
therapy, or other medical procedures that directly affect the
brain and nervous system of a patient experiencing symptoms
associated with a psychological disorder.
Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy- proposes that psychological
problems originate from learned behaviors


Skinner, Pavlov, Ellis, Watson
Three versions:




1) Behavior therapy using classical conditioning
2) Behavior modification using operant conditioning
3) Cognitive-behavior therapy addresses both thoughts and behaviors
associated with the problem
Counterconditioning- the learning of a new conditioned
response that is the opposite of the original learned response.
Behavior Therapy cont.

Systematic Desensitization- involves gradual
learning of a new conditioned response that
will replace, or inhibit, an established
maladaptive response such as fear or
anxiety

Anxiety Hierarchy


Flooding- constant exposure to the fear
Aversion Conditioning-involves pairing a
harmful stimulus with an unpleasant
stimulus

i.e. taking a pill before consuming alcohol that
causes nausea.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy


Cognitive behavioral therapy- utilizes learning
principles to change people’s negative thought patterns
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)- based
on belief that distorted expectations and irrational beliefs
contribute to psychological disorders

Psychologist Albert Ellis

“ABC”- Activating event, Belief, Consequences
Cognitive and Group Therapy

Cognitive therapy- based on the idea
that people have developed cognitive
distortions, distorted perceptions, and
interpretations of events that contribute
to psychological disorders (especially
depression and anxiety)

Group Therapy- allows one or more
therapists to work with several people at
the same time, observing social and
interaction skills.


Family Therapy
Marital/Couples Therapy
Biomedical Therapy

Psychosurgery- destroys tissue in regions of the brain for
treating psychological disorders

Irreversible risky side effects

Electroconvulsive therapy- depressive patients who didn’t

Neuroleptics (antipsychotics)- used to treat psychotic
respond to drug treatments; brief electrical shock was
thought to stimulate and increase neural activity in the
brain, alleviating symptoms of depression and
schizophrenia
symptoms related to positive symptoms of schizophrenia
such as hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, and
confused thinking.
Biomedical Therapy

Antidepressants- prescribed to treat depression, increase
the amount of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and
serotonin

Anti-anxiety Medication- used to help people deal with
anxiety



Valium and Xanax
Increases neurotransmitter GABA which reduce symptoms of
anxiety, nervousness, and sleeping problems
Lithium- used to treat bipolar disorder

Used to alleviate manic and depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder
Community Psychology

Deinstitutionalization- process of releasing patients
from hospitals, which in turn led to the shutting down of many
mental health hospitals

Community Psychology- a movement to decrease or
prevent psychological disorders through offerings in
community mental health programs