HOMEWORK ON 11/25 AND 28/14
1. The report on your survey is due
next week 12/5 /14 F & 12/9/14 T.
2. Finish reading Chapters 6 and 5.
3. Finish working on your outlineDue December 19
CLASS SURVEY
•You now have 4-5 minutes to
pass out your survey to you
classmate. You can collect your
results after class.
DO YOUR SURVEY: 4-5 MINUTES
•Pass out your survey to 9-10 people
in class to help you analyze your
audience for the next speech. Know,
this report is due next week.
TONGUE TWISTER: B AND BL
• A big black bug bit a big black bear
and the big black bear bled blood.
• This black bug bled blue-black blood
while the other black bug bled blue.
TONGUE TWISTER: S SH AND MIDDLE S
• Sister Suzy‘s sewing shirts for soldiers
Such skill at sewing shirts
my shy young sister Suzy shows
Some soldiers send epistles usually
Saying they’d sooner sleep on thistles
Than the short serge shirts for soldiers
shy young sister Suzy sews usually.
TONGUE TWISTER: S SH AND MIDDLE S
• Sister Susie went to sea
To see the sea, you see.
The sea she saw was a saucy sea,
• Since she sells sea shells by the sea
shores
A sort of saucy sea saw she.
LESSON 12 WEEK 13
CHAPTERS 5 & 6
PUBLIC SPEAKING
PROF.: MS. K. CASIMIR
12/2 -6/14
OBJECTIVE
• Today we will have a quiz, then finish evaluating the “Anti
-Microbial Bubble” speech in more detail. Then we will
finish unit 14 on building credibility, the three method of
building credibility, evidence and reasoning. And then
begin chapter 5 on audience analysis. Students will
complete a survey in class. Speak for 1 minute: giving the
introduction and conclusion of that speech. Watch a DVD
on persuasion and then discuss their speech outline: the
Main points and evidences in small group and do a class
survey for their speeches.
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Book:
Lucas, SE (2009, March 3rd) The Art of Public Speaking (10th edition). Beijing: Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. and
Foreign Language Teaching Press.
Article:
Lucas, SE ( 2012, December 13) Speaking confidently and with power. Beijing Review: 52, 34-36
Website:
Lucas, SE (2013, January 2). Speaking ethically. Beijing: Rennin University Data base (page 12-15) retrieved from
http://www.Ruc.edu/index html
If there is no author:
Beijing Reviews (2012, December 2013) Speaking confidently and with power. Retrieved from www.beijing
reviews.com/index.html.
INTRODUCTION
A.
B.
C.
D.
Attention getter:
Relevance to audience/why listen:
Establish credibility:
Preview the speech/statement:
CONCLUSION:
1. Restate the main point or central Idea, then
2. End with a quote or Make a dramatic statement or Refer to the
introduction
(for policy speech on passive agreement: You don’t have to appeal, but if you do ,
it is okay)
For the Motivated Sequence
1. Restate the main point or central idea
2. Appeal and call to action and
3. Call to action!
SURVEY REPORT:
Speech delivery for 1.5 minutes
PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION
• Persuasion- is the process of creating ,
reinforcing and changing people’s mind
(thinking), attitude, belief, or actions.
• When you speak to persuade, you are
acting as an advocator.
• Your goal is to convict, defend, or refute an
action or idea etc..
METHOD OF PERSUASION
In order to build your case you need to have a balance of these
three elements in place:
1. Ethos: Credibility, your qualification, physical attractiveness, etc…
2. Logos: The logical appeal:
using evidences (the supportive materials used )
reasoning (Drawing sound conclusion from evidences)
3. Pathos: The emotional appeal
PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION
• It is a mental dialogue between the speaker and the
listener.
• Mental Dialogue: it is the mental give and take between
the speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.
BUILDING CREDIBILITY
• Factors of credibility
• Enhancing your credibility
• Use specific evidence
• Use novel evidence
• Use evidence from credible sources
THE TARGET AUDIENCE
• While focusing your target audience, you must not
neglect the whole mass.
• The target audience is the portion of the whole audience
the speaker want persuade the most.
• Remember, you might not be able to convince your target
audience in one speech
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION
• The listeners will check your credibility, delivery,
supporting material and reasoning to draw
conclusion about your speech.
• They may respond, either positively or negatively.
So, anticipate and be prepared!
BUILDING CREDIBILITY
• Credibility is also known as Ethos
• Ethos: the name used for credibility by
Aristotle. Aristotle is a classic rhetoric. His
classic work on persuasive speech are still
available today for appreciation and
exploration.
Htpp://classics.mit/edu/aristotle/rhetoric.mt
THE ETHOS: BUILDING CREDIBILITY
• There are many factors that affect credibility (such as sociability, attractiveness, appearance, similarity between the
speaker and audience-however, there are two main factors: They are competence and character)
• Two Main Factors of credibility:
• Competence- Refers to intelligence, expertise,
knowledge
• Character- Refers sincerity, trustworthiness,
concern
THE ETHOS: BUILDING CREDIBILITY:
There are three ways to enhance your credibility:
1. Explain your competence
2. Establish common ground with your
audience
3. Deliver your speech fluently, expressively
and with conviction
Video 14:3
THE ETHOS: BUILDING CREDIBILITY
• Explain your competence
Knowledge
Experience
Expertise
page 206
BUILDING CREDIBILITY
Establish common ground with your audience
• Stress common view on the problem,
• Show appreciation and respect for their value,
opinions, etc…
• Show your competence and let them know why
listen to you!
page 209
BUILDING CREDIBILITY
Deliver your speech fluently, expressively and with
conviction
Moderate speed
Vocal variation & Articulation
Vocal intonation /poised and dynamic
Using an outline
Use non- verbal
communication/gestures
Strong eye contact
Facial gestures
How do you develop a positive spirit,
enthusiasm and conviction about your
speech?
THE LOGOS: USING EVIDENCE & REASONING
According to Aristotle, evidence and reasoning are
the two elements of Logos.
• Logos - is the logical appeal of the speaker!
• The speaker must use evidence and
reasoning to make persuasive claims!
LOGOS: 1-USING EVIDENCE
• Evidence refers to supportive materials used to
prove or disprove something.
• Examples: Statistic, facts, examples, testimony
• In order to convince your audience, you will need
to provide sufficient evidence from reliable
sources
LOGOS: 1-EVIDENCES
• Are supporting materials that you use to
prove, support or disprove your main
points or key ideas.
LOGOS: 1-SUPPORTING EVIDENCES:
There are three kind of supporting evidences
or materials:
1. Examples
2. Statistics
3. Testimonies
EXAMPLE:
• Is a specific case used to illustrate or
represent a group of people ideas s or
condition or an experience.
• Helps to clarify, analyze and reinforce a
speaker’s idea
EXAMPLE:
1. You can have a brief example - a specific case
2. You can have an extended example - a long
story or a narrative.
3. You can have a hypothetical example - an
imaginary or a fictitious situation.
TIPS FOR EXAMPLES
•Make it vivid
•Add or combine statistics or
testimony along with it.
See page 76
STATISTICS
• Are numerical data, usually from
research or studies done by experts
or professionals.
• Help strengthened a speaker’s idea
VIDEO: 14.6
Putting a Break On Teenage Driving”
STATISTICS
1. Single statistics: Use in passing to
help clarify a speaker’s idea
2. Multiple statistics: Multiple
statistics used together to show the
seriousness of an issue.
See page 76-77
TIPS FOR STATISTICS
• Use representative statistics: Use statistics with accurate claims
from experts. Sample size must represent the target group in
question well.
• Identify the source of the statistic: tell the audience where you got
the information and who did the study.
• Use statistics from reliable sources: reputable organization and
from professionals. Be aware of biases.
• Round off complicated numbers. i.e: 1,228.03---1228.
• Explain the statistic: you must interpret them to your audience.
• Use visual aids to clarify the statistic: use graph or pie charts
TESTIMONIES
•Are Quotations, or paraphrases
used to support your main points.
•People’s personal experiences.
TESTIMONY
1. Expert testimony: from professionals ,
or authorities in that field of study or
topic.
2. Peer testimony: from ordinary people’s
opinion, first hand experiences on the
topic.
See page 80-82
TIPS FOR TESTIMONIES
• Decide whether to quote or paraphrase: Word for word or you give a summary of
what was said
• Quote or paraphrase accurately: Do not misquote, do not change the meaning of the
statement, do not quote out of context.
• Use testimonies from qualified sources: Recognized experts /professionals on the subject
• Use testimonies from unbiased sources: Self interest sources, not credible, not authoritative.
• Tell the name of the people and qualification or title of
the person you are quoting: Not the name of the magazine or book.
SAMPLE SPEECH:
“Problem with Pennies”
Read page 83-85
Do the check list on pages 75, 79 & 82 for your evidences
MORE TIPS FOR GIVING EVIDENCE: CHAPTER 14, 208
There are 3 tips for evidences:
1.Use Specific evidence
2.Use novel evidence
3.Use evidence from credible sources
USING EVIDENCE: USE SPECIFIC EVIDENCE
Use Specific Evidence means:
• Give specific information rather the general
terms
• Use specific facts, details, quotes and
statistical data with their sources.
USING EVIDENCE: USE NOVEL EVIDENCE
Use novel evidence means:
• Give new or up to date information /evidence
• Go beyond what the audience already know
Doing a good research is crucial for this type of speech
USING EVIDENCE: FROM CREDIBLE SOURCES
Use evidence from credible sources:
• Competent and credible sources
• Expert’s views
• They are usually from not biased, nonpartisan
and objective sources.
LOGOS: 2-REASONING
Reasoning, the other element of Logos
What is it?
LOGOS: 2-REASONING:
- The process of drawing conclusion on the basis of
evidence.
• Make sure your reasoning is sound &
• Be sure to get your audience to agree with your
reasoning.
LOGOS: REASONING
•Fallacies: Are errors made in
reasoning. This is something every
speaker must avoid!
•There are four types
LOGOS--5 TYPES OF REASONING:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Specific instances
Principle
Causal reasoning
Analogical reasoning:
Fallacies (errors): Red Herring, ad
hominem, bandwagon & slippery slope
SPECIFIC INSTANCE
• Reasoning from Specific Instances moves from one particular fact
to general conclusion. Exceptions always exist. This is not
foolproof. Avoid generalizing too hasty!
• Hasty Generalization:
An error in reasoning , whereby a speaker jumps t general
conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. Reinforce your
reasoning with enough examples, statistics and testimony.
PRINCIPLE REASON
• Is a type of reasoning that moves from
general to specific conclusion. Page 211
• Be careful with general evidences – give
details, sound evidence to support your
claims!
CAUSAL REASONING
Page 212
• A type of reason that seek to establish the relationship
between cause and effects. Be careful because the cause and
effects are not always clear. Avoid the following errors:
1.The fallacy of False cause – an error in causal reasoning in
which the speaker mistakenly assumes that because one
event follows another, the first event is the cause of the
second.
2.Assuming Events have one cause: most have several causes
Be careful not to attribute complex events to only one cause
ANALOGICAL REASONING
Page 212
Most common form for question of policy. It is a reasoning
in which the speaker compares two similar cases and
infer that what is true for the first is true for the second.
The two must be essentially alike! Otherwise, it is an
invalid analogy!
Invalid analogy - is analogy in which two cases are being
compared but are not essentially alike.
REASONING: FALLACIES
Fallacy means an error in reasoning. You need to
avoid fallacies in your speech. There are 125
fallacies:
Fallacies: besides false cause , hasty generalization,
Invalid analogy, here are 4 more fallacies you
should guard against at all costs: Red Herring, ad
hominem, bandwagon, slippery slope
FALLACIES: RED HERRING
• Red Herring – A fallacy that introduces an
irrelevant issue to divert attention from
the subject under discussion
FALLACIES: AD HOMINEM
• Ad hominem – a fallacy that attacks the
person rather than dealing with the real
issue in dispute.
FALLACIES: BANDWAGON
• Band wagon – a fallacy that assumes that
because something is popular, it is therefore
good, correct and desirable.
• Coke, coca- cola
FALLACIES: SLIPPERY SLOPE
• Slippery slope – a fallacy that assumes that
taking the first step will lead to the
subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.
PATHOS: APPEALING TO EMOTIONS
Pathos is the word used by Aristotle for Emotional Appeal.
When you appeal, try to appeal to the heart head the head a the
same time!
When you call to action, realize that your reasoning should be based
on facts and logic.
PATHOS: APPEALING TO EMOTIONS
Is intended to create all kinds of feelings the
listener may feel either sad, angry, guilty,
afraid, proud sympathetic, reverent and the
like.
Page215
PATHOS: APPEALING TO EMOTIONS
• These are normal reaction for the questions of or
policy for immediate action.
• Some emotions evoked by public speakers:
• Fear:
Compassion:
• Pride:
Anger:
• Reverence:
Page215
SAMPLE SPEECH: WHAT TO OBSERVE FOR
• Speaker’s way of establishing /building credibility
• How did she relate the topic to her audience
• Speaker’s use of evidence
• Speaker’s use of reasoning
• Speaker’s use of emotional
• Organizational order used
WHERE DO YOU PLACE YOUR EVIDENCES?
• Under your main points, specifically
under your sub-points
BODY OF YOUR TALK
1
. Main point 1
2. Main point 2
A. Supporting idea
A. supporting idea
1. Supporting evidences 1.Supporting evidences
( testimonies, statistics) (testimonies, statistics)
3. Main point 3
A. supporting idea (explain. details)
1. Supporting evidences
(testimonies, statistics)
B. Supporting idea
B. Supporting idea
1. Supporting evidences
(testimonies, statistics)
B. Supporting idea
C. Supporting idea
C. Supporting idea
1.Supporting evidences
(testimonies, statistics)
C. Supporting idea
PERSUASIVE SPEECH:
Sample Speech with Commentary
“Making a Difference Through Special
Olympic”
CD #14.4 Page 217
VIDEO SAMPLE:
Evaluate the use of the persuasive speech
method: Appendix 7-8
Video 14:5 “Teenage Driving”
HOMEWORK FOR 12/5/14
1. Your clear Revised Persuasive Speech Preparation outline
is due on 12/12/14 Tuesday and 12/19/14 for Friday
2. Read chapter 15-16.
3. Be ready for your group oral presentation on the 19th.
LESSON 11 WEEK 13
CHAPTER 5
PUBLIC SPEAKING
PROF.: MS. K. CASIMIR
WEEK 13: 11/25/14
OBJECTIVE
During this session, each student will speak for I minute on a
persuasive speech trying to sell something to your audience, do
a class survey for the next speech. Review audience analysis and
bibliography. We will discuss how to build credibility, Supporting
evidences (the three types of evidences from chapter 6),
methods of persuasion from chapter 14: building credibility,
using evidences, reasoning, appealing to emotion. Then watch
a sample speech “ Making a difference through special Olympic”
Each student will conduct a survey in class for their next Speech.
WATCH SAMPLE SPEECH AT HOME: 14.6
“Bursting the Antibacterial Bubble”
Then, Read The Analysis
BUILDING CREDIBILITY: ENHANCING CREDIBILITY
There are three ways to enhance your credibility:
1. Explain your competence
2. Establish common ground with your
audience
3. Deliver your speech fluently, expressively
and with conviction
Video 14:3
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE
• Audience centeredness
• The psychology of audiences
• The factors in audiences analysis
• Getting information about the audience
• Adapting to the audience
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE
• Audience centeredness
• The psychology of audiences
• The factors in audiences analysis
• Getting information about the audience
• Adapting to the audience
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: AUDIENCE CENTEREDNESS
What does it mean to be
audience centered?
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: AUDIENCE
CENTEREDNESS
Keeping the audience in mind at every step of
the way in your speech preparation and
delivery!
You need to ask yourself questions as you
prepare your speech!
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR
What is the psychology of the audience?
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AUDIENCE
• In the American culture, people are very much
self - centered and individualistic!
• Normally, people will not listen to something
that does not concern them, or that bears their
values, interests, beliefs, and wellbeing. People
tend to be very selective to what they listen to.
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AUDIENCE
• People are generally, egocentric! They are interested in
themselves!
• Egocentrism means being concerned about themselves!
Their own value, belief, and wellbeing or interest or
problem.
• If you learn about your audience first, you will be better
prepared and make your idea more meaningful to them!
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: FACTORS
•What are the factors to consider
in audiences analysis?
FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
There are six factors you must consider:
1. Size
2. Physical setting
3. Demographic traits
4. Disposition toward the topic (interest, knowledge, attitude)
5. Disposition to the speaker
6. Disposition toward the occasion
#1 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The size of the audience
#1 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The size of the audience: could be any sizes.
The larger the audience, the more formal
you need to be!
FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Physical Setting
FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Physical Setting: How your room is
set up! Is it crowed, or relaxed, well
lighted and spacious? Is it too cold or
hot? Can they see your visual?
FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Physical Setting: Ask question or
take a tour to the site! Make
adjustment as needed to take control
of your setting.
#3 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Demographic Traits
#3 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Demographic Traits
• Is the audience characteristic such as age, gender,
race, educational background, economic status,
culture and the likes…
# 6 FACTOR: IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Disposition Toward the Occasion
#4 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Disposition Toward the Topic
#4 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Disposition Toward the Topic
• Interest: get them interested or pick one that
suit them
• Knowledge: see how much they know
• Attitude: the most important in persuasive
speech. You need to take a special step to
overcome skepticism /hostility.
#5 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Disposition to the Speaker
#5 FACTOR: IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Disposition to the Speaker: the
more knowledgeable you are or
competent, the more they will
listen to you!
#6 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The Disposition Toward the Occasion:
The occasion dictate what you say
and how long you speak. Very
important to never exceed your
time!
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: GETTING INFO!
•How can you get information about
the audience?
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: GETTING INFO!
• Observation
• Conversation
• Survey / Audience analysis questionnaire
(Fixed alternative, open ended, and scale)
TIPS FOR SURVEYING YOUR AUDIENCE
• Plan the questionnaire carefully to get the precise
answer you need for your speech
• Be sure to use all three types of questions in your
survey: Fixed-alternative, scaled & open ended.
• Make sure your questions are clear and not confusing
• Keep the question are brief and concise
See the sample on page 64-66
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: ADAPTING
What does it mean to adapt to the
audience ?
ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE
• You must adapt to the audience: before,
during and after the speech
ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE:
One must adapt to the audience in three ways:
• Before the speech:
• During the speech:
• After the speech:
ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE: BEFORE
Before the speech:
• Assess
• Adjust
• Anticipate
Page 67-68
ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE: DURING
During the speech:
• Adjust
• Keep strong eye contact
• Explain and give example, clarify
• Seek feedback from the audience
ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE: AFTER
After the speech:
• Self - evaluate
• Reflect on the speech on how you did
• Survey/post speech analysis/evaluation
• Journal your speech
VIDEO # A-2, PAGE 47
Analyze how has Barbara Bush adapted her
speech to her audience:
Barbara Bush “Choices of Change”
SAMPLE SURVEY:
See the handout provided to your
group
GROUP ACTIVITIES: 5 MINS.
• Team 1: Do exercise 1 on page 220
• Team 2: DO exercise 2 on page 220
• Team 3: Do exercise 3 on page 221
• Team 4: Do exercise “Public speaking
your career” on page 221
EXERCISES FOR CRITICAL THINKING
•Team 5: Exercise 3 on page 71
•Team 6: DO exercise “Public
speaking your career” on page 72
HOMEWORK ON 12/05/14
1. The Project on 12/19/14
2. Outline is Due on 12/19/14
2. Finish reading Chapters 6 and 15
HOMEWORK FOR 12/5/14
1. Your final Typed Persuasive Speech Outline is due on
12/16/14 Tuesday and 12/19/14 for Friday
2. Your survey report is due next week. I need a typed copy
and you will give an oral report as well for 1.5 minutes.
3. Read chapters 15-16