Integrating Concepts in
Biology
PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 1:
Heritable Material
1.1 What is biological information?
1.2 What is the heritable material?
by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, &
Christopher Paradise
Title Page
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Biology Learning Objective
• Categorize different forms of biological
information.
BME Learning Objective
• Explain why amino acids make a better code
than nucleotides and why biologists were
reluctant to concede that DNA was the heritable
material.
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Four Breeds of One Species
Slight differences in genetic information
leads to different phenotypes.
Opening Figure
courtesy Kevin G. Smith and Abbye W. Stooksbury
Define Information
To be considered information:
1. data must be stored for later use
2. its content has to be communicated
3. it has to be implemented and/or interpreted at some point
in time.
Information Recurring Themes
1. Heritable information provides for continuity of life.
2. Imperfect information transfer produces variation.
3. Information can be expressed and regulated without loss of
content.
4. Non-heritable information is transmitted within and between
biological systems.
Biological Information
Fig. 1.1
courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman
Biological Information
inter-species
Fig. 1.1
molecular
communication
among
individuals
courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman
Biological Information
Fig. 1.1
courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman
Biological Information
Fig. 1.1
courtesy Chris Paradise, Todd Eckdahl, and Travis Mohrman
Photographs of Pneumococcus Strains
Fig. 1.2
from Belanger et al. 2004
Photographs of Pneumococcus Strains
R strain  S strain
Fig. 1.2
from Belanger et al. 2004
Photographs of Pneumococcus Strains
R strain  S strain
harmless
Fig. 1.2
lethal
from Belanger et al. 2004
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Griffith’s Experiments
Fig. 1.3
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Cell Extract Determines Phenotype
Fig. 1.4
courtesy of Abagael Slattery and from Belanger et al. 2004
Cell Extract Determines Phenotype
R strain
Fig. 1.4
S strain
courtesy of Abagael Slattery and from Belanger et al. 2004
Avery’s Transforming Factor
Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of
transforming factor vs purified DNA.
Table 1.1
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Avery’s Transforming Factor
Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of
transforming factor vs purified DNA.
Table 1.1
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Avery’s Transforming Factor
Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of
transforming factor vs purified DNA.
Table 1.1
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Avery’s Transforming Factor
Table 1.1 Comparison of four independent preparations of
transforming factor vs purified DNA.
Table 1.1
nitrogen/phosphorous
ratios of transforming
factor ≈ DNA
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Five Amino Acids
Fig. 1.5A
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Five Amino Acids
four peptide bonds
Fig. 1.5A
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Five Amino Acids
common amino acid backbones
Fig. 1.5A
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Five Amino Acids
amino acid side chains
Fig. 1.5A
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Four
Nucleotides
4 phosphates
(long bonds stretched
for clarity only)
Fig. 1.5B
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Four
Nucleotides
4 deoxyribose
sugars
Fig. 1.5B
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Four guanine = G
Nucleotides
cytosine = C
4 bases
adenine = A
thymine = T
Fig. 1.5B
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.