Motivation and
Emotion
Chapter 6
Biological Motives
 The
Biology of Motivation
 Drive Reduction Theory
The Biology of Motivation
 Homeostasis
 the
tendency of all organisms to
correct imbalances and
deviations from their normal
state
 Hunger
 Lateral
Hypothalamus (LH)
 when stimulated animals
begin eating
 if removed animals stop
eating and starve to death
“go” signal
 Ventromedial Hypothalamus
(VMH)
 when stimulated animals slow
or stop eating
 if removed animals eat
everything

“stop” signal
 Affected by temperatures
 LH by cold
 VMH by warm

 Glucostatic
Theory
 Hypothalamus monitors
glucose in the blood
Pancreas
insulin- calories to energy
glucogon- converts stored
energy back to useful
energy
 Set point- day to day weight

 Obesity
 Stanley
Schachter
 Obese people respond to
external cues
 “Taste Test”
crackers and almonds
Overweight people respond to
external cues
 Normal weight people
respond to internal cues
 Anxiety and depression are
not a cause of overeating
occur just as frequently

Drive Reduction Theory
 Clark
Hull
 Physiological needs drive an
organism to act in either random or
habitual ways until its needs are
satisfied
 All human motives are extensions of
basic biological needs
 Harry
Harlow
 Some experiences are inherently
pleasurable but don’t reduce
biological drives
 Drive for stimulation as plausible
as a drive to reduce stimulation
Social Motives
 Measuring
the Need for
Achievement
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Social Motives
 Henry
Murray
 Theory
of personality includes 16
basic needs
 Mostly social motives rather than
biological needs
Measuring the Need for
Achievement
 David
McClelland
 Interested in finding a
quantitative way of measuring
social motives
 Thematic
Appercetion Test
(TAT)
 series of pictures
 stories made up for pictures
 coded for themes and scored
according to relevance to
various types of needs
coders agree 90% of the time
 1947 test group
more entrepreneurs scored
high than nonentrepreneurs

 Fear
of Success
 Marina Horner
 Tested 89 men and 90 women
 “After first term finals,
John/Anne finds himself at the
top of his medical school class”
 Men-
90% wrote success stories
 Women- 65% predicted doom for
Anne
 Identified a motive to avoid
success
 Female success was odd and
unfeminine
 Could
mean failure as a woman if
successful in a traditionally male
field
 Later research
 hard to define success
 seen in males and females
 45% of men and 49% of women
 Other
Theories
 Expectancy-value Theory
 likelihood of success
 what the goal is worth to you
 Competency
Theory
 to prove and improve our
competency we choose
moderately difficult tasks
where both successes and
failures may be instructive

ring-toss game
 Intrinsic
and Extrinsic Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Fundamental
 biological
drives, safety, security
 Psychological
 belong
Needs
Needs
and receive love, acquire
self-esteem through competence
and achievement
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Self-actualization
Needs
 pursuit
of knowledge and beauty,
realization of one’s unique potential
 Research
does not support that
one need must be satisfied
before another can be
Emotion
 Expressing
Emotions: Innate and
Learned Behavior
 Physiological Theories
 Cognitive Theories
Emotion
 Difference
in biological drives and
emotions
both involve changes in physiological
state
 source of behavior or feelings involved
with behavior

 May
drive us to act
 May serve as incentive for action
Expressing Emotions: Innate
and Learned Behavior
 Ekman
and Friesen
 photo
study to recognize facial
expressions
 Facial
expressions are innate
 Blind/Deaf children
 laugh,
pout, frown, clench fists
 Carroll
Izard
 coding
system for assessing
emotional states in people
 10 different states
 used to study expressions in infants
 James
Averill
 can’t
separate thoughts and actions
from experience of emotions
 from social expectations or
consequences
 Differences
among cultures
Physiological Theories
 William
James
 we
associate feelings with energy,
tension, relaxation, and sensations
in our stomach
 James-Lange
Theory
 Cannon-Bard Theory
James-Lange Theory
 Use
emotion to describe our “gut”
reactions to the things that take
place around us
 Emotions are the perceptions of
certain bodily changes
 Izzard and feedback from facial
muscles
Cannon-Bard Theory
 Evidence
against James-Lange
 physiological
changes occur when
people are not experiencing
emotions
 injecting a drug does not change
emotions though it changes
physical properties
Cannon-Bard Theory
 Internal
state of body
changes slowly, not like the
“rush” of emotions we
sometimes get
Cannon-Bard Theory
 Cannon
called the thalamus the
seat of emotion
 Theory says certain experiences
activate the thalamus, and it
sends signals simultaneously to
the body and the brain
Cognitive Theories
 Bodily
changes and thinking work
together to produce emotions
 Feelings depend on how you
interpret your symptoms
Cognitive Theories
 The
Schachter-Singer
Experiment
 Opponent-Process Theory
 Lie Detection
The Schachter-Singer
Experiment
 Stanley
Schachter and Jerome
Singer
 “Testing the effects of vitamin C
on eyesight”
 Adrenalin injection
 Four Groups
 Informed
Group- truth (hearts race
and bodies tremble)
 Misinformed Group- make numb
 Uninformed Group- not told anything
 Control Group- received neutral
injection without symptoms and told
nothing
 Taken
to waiting room
 Accomplice
 wild
and crazy
 with offensive questionnaire became
more and more angry
 Results
groups 1 and 4 watched with mild
amusement
 groups 2 and 3 joined in with the
accomplice

 Internal
components of emotion
affect a person differently depending
on perception of the social situation
Opponent-Process Theory
 Homeostatic
theory of emotional
reactions
 Richard Solomon and John Corbit
 Any intense emotion, with
repeated exposure, will bring
about an internal counterforce
Lie Detection