Dura Mater
•Superficial
•Fuses brain to
skull
Arachnoid
•Reduces friction
•Filled with CSF;
shock absorber
Pia Mater
•Very Vascular;
needs a lot of
oxygen due to
high metabolic
rate of neurons
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Midbrain
4. Pons
5. Medulla
Oblongata
6. Cerebellum
Gyri: elevated ridges
Sulci: furrows
Bridge between Right and Left Hemispheres
•Enables Right and Left sides to communicate with each other
Problems
“Split Brain” Syndrome
Functions:
•Cognition and Memory
•Prefrontal Area: involved with
intellect, complex learning abilities
and personality; plays a role in
mood
•“Gatekeeper” Judgment, critical
thinking and reasoning skills
Problems
Memory loss, inability to
concentrate, behavior disorder,
Inappropriate social and/or
sexual behavior
Function:
•Motor Strip: Control voluntary
motor function
•Premotor Cortex: skill area;
controls learned motor skills
Gyri: elevated ridges
Sulci: furrows
Broca’s area
•Left hemisphere
•Directs the muscles of
tongue, throat and lips
when speaking
•Becomes active as we
plan to speak
•Syntax and grammar
rules are remembered
Try This!!
Yes the bick. I would say tha the vick daysis
nosis or chipickers.
Represents problems with Broca’s area!!
Only found in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe
Problems will affect our ability to pronounce words,
speaking becomes a problem
Located in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
•Process sensory input from skin
receptors
•Proprioceptors in skeletal muscle;
body orientation
•Spatial Discrimination – ability to
identify the body region being
stimulated
•Try This!!
•Gustatory cortex - taste
Problems
•Inability to locate and recognize
body parts; disorientation
•Can’t discriminate between
different sensory stimuli
•Located
posterior to
Primary
Somatosensory
Cortex
•Major function
to analyze
different
sensory stimuli
(temp, pressure
•Evaluate what
the body is
feeling
•Try this!!
•Different senses
are distributed
through all
lobes
•Auditory Areas – sound waves
are interpreted
•Association area – defines the
sound
•Olfactory Cortex – interprets
chemical odors
Language
•Wernicke’s area – called the
speech area
•Language comprehension
•Reading unfamiliar sounds
Problems
•Hearing problems
•Aphasia – inability to speak
Affective Language Area
•Regions involved in the nonverbal, emotional pieces of
language
•Appears to be present in the hemispheres opposite of
Broca’s and Wernicke’s area (Right side mirror image)
•Voice tone and gestures express your emotions when you
speak
Problems
Monotone – impairments in this area
Hearing and the Temporal Lobe
Visual Areas
•Receives stimuli from eyes
•Interprets information from
past experiences
Problems
Loss of vision or “seeing
stars”
Can’t recognize the object
you see
Left Hemisphere
90% is dominant for
Language abilities, logic
and math skills
Right Hemisphere
90% is involved in
visualspatial skills,
emotion,
music,poetry, &
creativity
Connects to cerebrum
Includes thalamus,
hypothalamus, Limbic system
and pituitary gland
•Contains relay and
processing centers
•Relay Station; involved in
memory process
•Sorts out information, edits
•Gateway to cerebrum
Controls
Emotions,
Hormone production
Pleasure Center
Regulates Autonomic NS
•Body temperature
•Food intake; feeding center
•Thirst
•Circadian rhythms
•Control of Endocrine
(ADH, oxytocin)
Problems
Hormonal Imbalances
Hypothermia
Diabetes
Emotional brain
•Contains amygdaloid
bodies and hippocampus
•Involved with learning,
long-term memory and
storage
•Linked to emotions:
rage, fear, sexual arousal
Problems
H.W. Case Study STM to
LTM
•Link between NS and
Endocrine system
•Produces GH and TSH
•Posterior part of gland
is a hormone storage
area
Pituitary Gland ->
Primitive Brain
•Pathway between lower brain and spinal cord and lower
brain and higher brain functions
•Contains 2 pairs of sensory
nuclei (Colliculi); Auditory and
Visual Reflex Centers I.e. rxns
to flashlight or loud noises
•Motor nuclei for 2 cranial
nerves (III, IV) involved in eye
movements
•III Oculomotor – eye movement
•IV Trochlear – rotates eye up and
down
•Cerebral Peduncles –
descending bundles of nerve
fibers
•Contains your RAS center;
filter for sensory input (99% of
all stimulus is ignored)
Corpus Quadrigemini
Superior Colliculi
Midbrain
•Visual Reflex Centers
•Associated with
Cranial nerve III
Inferior Colliculi
•Auditory Reflex
•Startle Reflex
Bridge: Connects cerebellum
to brain stem; cerebrum and
S. cord
Relay Center
Cranial Nerves (V-VIII) are
attached here
Respiratory Center –
Involuntary Control of pace
and depth
Pneumotaxic Center – rapid
Apneustic Center – slow
Problems
Hyperventilation
Connects Brain to S. cord; relays
info to Thalamus
Contains major centers for
Autonomic Regulation such as HR,
Bp, respiration and digestive
activities
Cardiac Center – adjusts
force and rate of heart beat
Vasomotor Center –
regulates BP
Respiratory Center –
controls rate and depth of breathing
with N. Fdbk loop in pons.
Controls other pleasant body
Activities: vomit, hiccupps,, cough,
sneeze & gag
•Coordination; fine tunes
voluntary and involuntary
movement (Sports)
•Maintains balance and
posture
Imbalances
•Ataxia; Lack of
coordination
•Tremors
•Alcohol – affects motor
skills; reaction time
Olfactory – On
Optic – old
Oculomotor – Olympus
Trochlear – towering
Trigeminal – tops
Abducens – a
Facial – Finn
Vestibulocochlear – valued
Glossopharyngeal - good
Vagus – venison
Accessory – and
Hypoglossal – Hops.