Social
By: Conrad Bhamani, Micco Brisker,
Alex Butterwick, Brad Callaham, &
Morgan Childress
Up to 600 BCE
• Americas- North: Olmec- Elite benefit
commoners; South: Elite on raised platforms
• Europe- Celtic warriors dominated
• Middle East- Mesopotamian high class benefit
from trade
• Asia-Chinese family based with respected elders
• Africa- Stratified society
• Oceania- Polytheism society with social relations
600 BCE – 600 CE
• America- North: Teotihuacan elite controlled; South:
Moche commoners farmed
• Europe- Roman slaves and citizens divided
• Middle East- Persia warriors, peasants, and magi
separated
• Asia- Decline women status (Gupta Empire)
• Africa- Christianity separated societies
• Oceania-Animism
600 BCE – 1450
• America- Poor women central religious role;
patriarchal society
• Europe- Nobles unlimited power on serfs
• Middle East- women live in seclusion
• Asia- Revolt on female role in Buddhism because of
Wu Zhao
• Africa- Bantu Migrations
• Oceania- Polytheism migrations
1450-1750
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America- Slavery
Europe- Peasants-serfdom, Wealthy- bourgeoisie
Middle East- Harem
Asia- Slavery in Patriarchal society
Africa- Slavery
Oceania- Disease epidemic decrease social
interaction
1740-1900
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America- Abolition of slavery
Europe- Feminism
Middle East- Patriarchal society
Asia- Emancipation of Serfs
Africa- Ethnic tension
Oceania- New Zealand and Australia relations
1900 - Present
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America- Transmission of US Culture
Europe-increased focus on human rights
Middle East- Social tension of Muslim and Jews
Asia- Japan Caste system change
Africa- Segregation of races (Europeans in Africa)
Oceania- Increase rights for aborigines
APWH- Final Review Presentations:
Thematic PowerPoint
Alex Cronin, Tara Deehan, Katy
Downs, Mustafa Faroon, Noah
Gibson
POLITICAL
Up to 600 BCE
• AFRICA: Regional Kingdoms; North African Pharaohs; Kingdoms of
Kush and Egypt; Tribal governments
• ASIA: Era of Warring States; Dynastic rule; Mandate of Heaven;
Regional kingdoms and empires; tribal governments; Aryan
invasions
• EUROPE: Village governments; Greek city- states; Greek
colonization
• MIDDLE EAST: city-states; Code of Hammurabi; Persian Empire and
Hellenistic Empire
• OCEANIA: Regional Kingdoms
• THE AMERICAS: Mesoamerica and Andes Mountain civilizationssmall river civilizations that are closer to the ocean
600 BCE- 600 CE
• AFRICA: Kings couldn’t expand territory due
to geographical land barriers; Pharaohs;
Kingdoms of Kush, Axum and Ethiopia;
Regional Kingdoms
• ASIA: Han dynasty dominated Eastern Asia
by empires; Great Wall; centralized
government; Mandate of Heaven
• EUROPE: Greece first to present democracy;
Roman Empire; Byzantine Empire; Hellenistic
Empire
600 CE- 1450
• AFRICA: Regional kingdoms; Mamluk
dynasties
• ASIA: Japanese feudalism; Tang and Song
dynasties; Mongol and Ming dynasty
• EUROPE: Holy Roman Empire; Mongol
invasions; Islamic Iberian peninsula;
Byzantine Empire; Ottoman and Seljuk
incursion
• MIDDLE EAST: Crusades; Mongol destruction
of Baghdad
1450-1750
• AFRICA: Cape Colony founded; Regional kingdoms
• ASIA: Mughal Dynasty in India- Akbar rule; British tries to colonize;
Ming China- bureaucracy and patronized the arts; Tah Mahal built for
Mumtaz Mahal by husband Shah Jahan
• EUROPE: Monarchies in Britain and France- maintained strong
armies, established elaborate bureaucracies, imposed high taxes to
support frequent wars on European continent
• MIDDLE EAST: The Ottoman Empire- fell due to size; too difficult to
administer such a big empire; lost ability to maintain a large army
and bureaucracy
• OCEANIA: Regional kingdoms
• THE AMERICAS: COLONIZATION- The Aztecs and Incas fell to the
Spaniards
1740-1900
• AFRICA: : Colonial rule under European powers
(South Africa under British Rule)
• ASIA: European control over plantations, farms,
and installed governments loyal to them
• EUROPE: British, France, and the Netherlands
controlled colonies world-wide and had
alliances with locals or installed their own
governments
• MIDDLE EAST: Ottoman empires weakened due
to political opposition due to reforms,
standardized taxation, and to bring the central
1900- present
• AFRICA: Independence movements; Suez Crisis;
ethnic conflicts
• ASIA: End of the Qing dynasty; world wars;
Japanese occupation; communism (China);
Korean War; Vietnam War; Russian Revolution;
Cold War; glasnost; end of communism/
independence movements
• EUROPE: World Wars; Fascism; Berlin Wall;
Terrorism; Communism
• MIDDLE EAST: Iranian Revolution; Iran- Iraq
War; Persian Gulf War; War in Afghanistan;
Religion
Rebecca Haber
Clare Jamieson
Brandon Kim
Josh Gray
Connor Greisinger
Up to 600 B.C.E.
• Africa: In Egypt, used amulets to ward of evil,
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believed in diverse gods, pharaoh as chief
priest of Egypt, afterlife central to their
religion
Asia: Shang China: people linked to the ruler,
who was linked to the ancestors (using oracle
bones), who were linked to Di (the supreme
god); Zhou China: introduces idea of ruler's
"Mandate of Heaven"
Europe: Celts: polytheistic, worship deities
600 B.C.E.- 600 C.E.
• Africa: small amounts of Christianity in the
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north, largely dominated by polytheistic
religions- gods based on nature and human
characteristics
Asia: Hinduism(focuses on dharma and
moksha) and Buddhism founded in India,
Buddhism widely accepted throughout
Asia(based on 4 noble truths and 8 fold path),
philosophies (Confucianism, Legalism,
Daoism) rise in China
600 C.E.- 1450
• Africa: Islam spread over Northern Africa
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(Arabia Algeria Morocco Spain)
Asia: Neo-Confucian revolts against
Buddhism (750-879) [Han Yu was precursor
to Neo-Confucianism; Buddhism
"undermined family"]
Europe: Crusades (1095-1204): Armed
pilgrimages to Holy Land; Christians vs.
Muslims;
"Truce of God" = Christian
VS
VS
motivation
1450-1750
• Africa: Islam and Christianity continue to
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spread, though many traditional religions
Asia: Dominated by Islam and Hinduism,
Islam in Mughal empire, some Confucianism
in China, European missionaries attempt to
spread Christianity
Europe: Christianity dominates Europe;
Martin Luther starts the Protestant
Reformation
Middle East: Islam spreads throughout (ex.
1750-1900
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Africa: through New Imperialism, endeavor of European and North American Christian
missionaries to convert African "heathens", who found Christian ideals clashed with
colonial exploitation
Asia: Hong Xiuquan's Christian movement in China, seeing himself as the younger
brother of Jesus with a mission to establish the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"
(led to Taiping rebellion)
Europe: during French Revolution, Catholicism attacked by the government (forcing
priests to marry, abolishing Sundays, etc.); clergy called "First Estate"
Middle East: Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman Empire (in 1839), shrinking the jurisdiction
of Shari'a (Islamic law), making Christians more in favor of Tanzimat than Muslims
Oceania: after US annexation of Hawaii in 1898, many Americans move to Hawaii,
bringing Christianity to the remote Pacific
Americas: Latin America dominated by Catholicism; priests (Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
and José María Morelos) driving force of revolution in Mexico
1900- Present
• Africa: Christianity spread through missionary
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schools, also teaching basic literacy (mostly
west and south Africa)
Asia: mix of religions/philosophies:
Middle East: conflict and animosity between Jewish
Buddhism
in southeast Asia, North Korea,
Israel and Islamic Arab states (e.g. Palestine and Iran)
Oceania:
of religions
in Australia
and New
Japan,today,
andmix
Tibet
(China);
Confucianism
in
Zealand, but over 50% Christian
China;
Hinduism
and Islam in India
Americas: many
adherents toin
theIndia;
Catholic Church,
which
influence on politics, including opposition
and has
Bangladesh
to abortion and gay marriage; Evangelical Protestants
aEurope:
major conservative
in US since 2000s
after force
dissolution
of Soviet Union,
"ethnic cleansing" of Muslims in Bosnia and
Hrisheek Radhakrishnan, Mikey
Newell, Juanita Pardo, Charles Mills,
Maddie Langley, Anairis Quinones
Up to 600 B.C.E.
• Structures and buildings – cities, momumental building,
new skills used
• Law codes – Hammurabi of Babylon, used for centuries
• Writing – cuneiform, recordkeeping
• Hawi – Compiled by Razi, most thorough medical
encyclopedia of its time
• Math – Base 60 number system (still used today in time)
600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.
• Africa: Bantu language invented and developed by
sub-Saharan Africans
• Asia: Confucius, philosophies based on
governmental morality, social relationships and
justice, Daoism, and Legalism
• Europe: The language Latin was developed in the
6th century, Socrates, dialectic philosophy, PaxRomana (the terms of peace)
• Middle East: Persian militarism
• Oceania: Australia - Culture didn’t diffuse past
regions inhabited by individual societies,
geography stories
• The Americas: Inca - concept of sin and judgment
600 C.E. – 1450
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Renaissance – cultural and intellectual revival
Literature and art – religious, new meaning, Arabian Nights
Architecture – revived, new styles
Scholasticism – reconcile reason with faith in God and
Christianity
• Universities – places of learning
• Arabic Numerals created in India, spread all the way to
Europe
1450 – 1750
• Scientific Revolution: scientific method, new discoveries like state of
matter
• Enlightenement: philosophers and new ways of thinking (like application
of scientific method to government)
• Voltaire, Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu – big philosophesr at the time
• Heliocentric Theory – Earth revolves around sun, gamechanging
• Isaac Newton’s laws of motion – understood gravity
• Galileo – Confirmed Copernicus’s theories, suffered for it
1750 – 1900
• Thomas Edison – Invented incandescent lightbulb
• Muhammad Ali – Egyptian intellectual,
modernized Egypt in early 19th century
• Anarchists – intellectual group of revolutionaries
who fought to abolish all private property and
government, usually with the use of violence
• Mercantilism – intellectual system, government
policies tried to promote overseas trade between
countries and their colonies
• Positivism – intellectual system, social and
economic problems could be solved using the
scientific method
• Laissez Faire – intellectual system, the
government should refrain from interfering in
economic affairs
1900 – Present
• War Tactics – Trench Warfare, Dog Fights,
Use of Gas
• Marxism and Communism play huge roles as
opposition to Capitalism
• Alliances (Allies, Central Powers, Axis
Powers) and groups of Countries (League of
Nations, UN, EU)
• Terrorism plays an increased role as a way to
show that your government cannot protect
you
• New pro-environment groups and legislation
• Feminism and protests for women to gain
more rights, which they do
(Asia) Indus River Valleyirrigation systems
(Africa) Egypt- papyrus(writing
medium) and mummification
(Middle East) Mesopotamiadeveloped the first-known
writing system known as
cuneiform
(Americas) Andean regionintroduced metallurgy to the
Western Hemisphere
(Europe) Phoenicia(the
Mediterranean)- luxury
goods(ivory, glass and textiles)
(Oceania) Australia- tribal art
and jewelry
Central Asia- transportation
such as camels, horses and
chariots were developed and
used on road networks to assist
trade
(Europe) Rome- aqueduct(water
conduits)
Oceania- ships for trade within
the Pacific
Middle East- coinage
(Americas) Latin Americacomplex architecture
(Africa) The Sahara- caravans
and caravan routes
Africa- spread of the use of
iron
Asia- paper mills, guns and
cannons, moveable type, stirrup,
The Silk Road
Europe- Algebra, larger horses,
armor for knights, moldboard
plow, the horse collar, the
breast-strap harness
Middle East- invention and use
of coins in monetary system
Oceania- lanteen sail from
Indian Ocean used
Americas- levers and stone
tools, mound-building, the bow
and arrow, copper and alloy use,
Africa- dams, irrigation canals,
and reservoirs to control water and
flooding patterns
Asia- gunpowder, high quality
bronze and steel making, patrol
ships (Korean), armored ships,
gunpowder arrrow-launchers
Europe- printing press invented in
Germany, mathematics,
crossbows,longbows pikes, firearms
like an improved cannon
Middle East- papermaking became
common
Oceania- influence of Chinese
junks in ship making
Americas-use of larger animals
like the llama
Europe-modernizing-telegraphs,
locomotives, cotton gins and
pottery factory
America's-modernizing-steam
ships, Erie Canal
Oceania-machinery used to get
coffee and sugar from java
Asia-modernizing-nemisis sails
to china
Africa- industrialization leading
to new technology
Middle East- military
technology
Americas-advancements in communication
(telegraph), military(atomic bombs), and
functionality(household appliances) were
introduced and improved
Asia-technologically advanced, leading in
robotics, automobile production and
manufacturing
Africa-Due to years of setback politically and
economically, the technological industry lacks,
with some countries very developed and some
extremely undeveloped
Middle East-still traditionally undeveloped
with the bare minimum when it comes to
industrialization and infrastructure.
Europe-scientists and engineers initiated
inventions which were then exported and
perfected in other parts of the world
Oceania-posess average war technology
(though mostly peaceful). Used for nuclear
testing throughout 20th century, and focuses
on marine technology today
Economic Developments
Alex Thomson
Ashlyn Wrobleski
Christian Varughese
Caitlin Tabilog
Before 600 BCE
• Africa- Agrarian nomadic tribes; pastoralism; metallurgy
• Asia- Not much trade, self-sufficient, China isolationist.
Silk+rice major cash crops; pastoralism
• Europe- Cultivation of cash crops, grains and pulses
• Middle East- Nomads moved, cultivated, and traded with
weather patterns; droughts forced locals to barter for food
• Oceania- Trade contact with East Asia and Indian Ocean
• The Americas- Maize an important cash crop; trading of
potatoes+protein-rich grains
600 BCE-600 CE
• Africa- Egypt dominated economy, craftsmen skilled in
metalworking highly valued; copper an important resource
• Asia- Xiongnu herders produced valuable artwork for sale; Han
wanted to appease them, produced gifts of rice and silk
• Europe- Celts spread metallurgical skills, valuable artifacts; due to
tribal lifestyle, trade between different groups occurred often
(potatoes)
• Middle East- Neo-Assyrian Empire exploited wealth of subjects;
Phoenican exports contributed greatly to dye industry
• Oceania- Continued interaction between East Asia and countries
(islands) of the Indian Ocean
• The Americas- Llamas used for transportation of goods and people,
Chavin trade created network of people throughout Peru
600 CE- 1450
• Africa- Increased contact between tribes; establishment of small
tribal conglomerates/civilizations increased commerce
• Asia- With rise of Mongols, Yuan Empire elevated status of
merchants; commoners took many such positions
• Europe- Manorial system of serfs bound to the land of the lord of
the manor; feudalism
• Oceania- Dhows in Philippines, New Zealand, etc. involved in trade
of luxury goods
• The Americas- Aztecs imposed tribute system, forced conquered
peoples to pay taxes of goods and labor; other empires emulated
this system
1450-1750
• Africa- Slave trade blossomed, European colonies demanded increased
labor of locals for manpower and raw materials like ivory, gold, etc.
• Asia- Collapse of Mongol rule lead to collapse of overland trade routes
(Silk Road); high tariffs along these routes led to increased dependence
on maritime trade
• Europe- Colonization of the Americas, the Columbian Exchange led to
the introduction of important crops like potatoes
• Middle East- Establishment of paper money in Mongol Il-Khan Empire;
flourishing of Islamic culture+architecture led to higher employment
rate of craftsmen/artisans
• Oceania- Indian Ocean trade blossomed; European colonization led to
establishment of joint-stock companies and increase of commerce
• The Americas- System of indentured servitude grew in colonies
1750-1900
• Africa- Emphasis on cotton production; Ethiopia grew strong by
manufacturing weapons; commercial ties grew between Africa and
Europe
• Asia- Negotiated with British East India Company; tea an important
commodity
• Europe- New machines allowed mass production; mechanization
spread
• Middle East- Slow to industrialize compared with Western empires,
decline of Ottoman Empire leads to establishment of new Turkish
nation by Young Turks
• Oceania- New Zealand colonized by England, used for production of
raw materials like rubber
• The Americas- Labor unions faced problems in factories; long hours
and poor conditions led to numerous strikes
1900-Present
• Africa- Mining provided jobs/wages; negotiated with Europeans for
trade of legitimate resources
• Asia- Though at first hesitant to westernize, China industrialized to
have one of the highest GDPs in the world
• Europe- Fiasco of WWI caused unemployment to vanish; Treaty of
Versailles all but destroyed German economy; Common Market
promoted economic union
• Middle East- Though westernization was rejected, economy thrived
due to oil industry
• Oceania- Independence of Fiji, Tonga and other islands in late 1900s
resulted in economic reforms; streamlining of commerce
• The Americas- Latin America struggled to become economically
independent, eventually succeeded; United States industry boosted by
wars, eventually became world power