Invertebrates III and
Vertebrates
Phylum: Echinodermata
Deuterostomes
– radial and
indeterminate
cleavage
– Enterocoelous
– anus from
blastopore
Phylum: Echinodermata
Secondary Radial
Symmetry
Water vascular
system
– Ambulacral groove
– Madreporite
All marine
Water Vascular System
Madreporite
Stone Canal
Ring Canal
Radial Canal
Lateral Canal
Ampulla
Tube Feet
Classification
Class:
Asteroidea (Seastars)
Class: Opiuroidea (Brittlestars)
Class: Echinoidea (Sea Urchins,
Sand Dollars)
Class: Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)
Class: Holothuroidea (Sea
Cucumbers)
Class: Asteroidea
Five arms radiating
from a central disc
Open ambulacral
groove
Madreporite on the
aboral side
Contain
pedicellariae or
papulae
Class: Ophiuroidea
Five thin arms
radiating from a
central disc
Closed ambulacral
grooves
Madreporite on the
oral side
No suckers on tube
feet, pedicellariae
or papulae
Class: Echinoidea
No arms but have
five rows of tube
feets
Contain spines
Closed ambulacral
grooves
Madreporite on the
aboral side
Contain pedicellariae
or papulae
Aristotle’s lantern
Class: Crinoidea
Attached to
substrate with
many branched
arms
Open ambulacral
grooves
No Madreporite
No pedicellariae or
papulae
Class: Holothuroidea
Soft bodied
Ambulacral areas
with tube feet
Internal
Madreporite
No pedicellariae
or papulae
Phylum: Chordata
Deuterostomes
– radial and indeterminate cleavage
– Enterocoelous
– anus from blastopore
Bilateral
Symmetry
Both invertebrates and vertebrates
– Contain four anatomical features
Phylum: Chordata
Notochord
Dorsal,
Hollow
Nerve Cord
Pharyngeal
Slits
Muscular,
Postanal
Tail
SubPhylum: Urochordata
Tunicates
Sessile
Only contains Pharynx with slits as an
adult
SubPhylum: Cephalochordata
Lancelates
Contains all
four chordate
characters as
an adult
Closest
relative to
vertebrates
(Amphioxus)
Paedogenesis
SubPhylum: Vertebrata
Backbones
Contains all
four
chordate
characters
as an adult
with
modification
Neural Crest
– bones and
cartilage of
the skull
Vertebrate Adaptations
Living Endoskeleton
– better for larger animals
Pharynx and Efficient
Respiration
– increased metabolic rate
Advanced Nervous
System
– developed system for
distance reception
Paired Limbs
– increased movement
Chordate
Evolution
Vertebrae
Jaws and two
sets of paired
appendages
Teeth
Lungs
Legs
Amniotic Egg
Hair, feathers
Key Fish Characteristics
Vertebral
Column
Jaws and paired appendages
Gills
Single Circuit blood circulation
Superclass: Agnatha
Without Jaws and
Most without paired
appendages
Class: Myxini Hagfishes
(scavengers)
Class:
Cephalaspidomorphi
- Lampreys
(parasitic)
Superclass: Gnathostomata
With jaws
Evolved from skeletal supports of the
pharyngeal slits
Fossil Gnathostomata
Placoderms
– Plate-skinned
Acanthodians
– Probably led to
bony fish
Class: Chondrichthyes
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Placoid
Scales
(teeth-like)
Several rows of
teeth
– (Not embedded in
the jaw)
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Spiral
valve within
intestine
Large fatty liver
Senses
– Ampullae of Lorenzini
– Lateral Line
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous
skeleton
(not primitive)
– Subclass:
Elasmobranchi
Sharks,
Skates, Rays
– Subclass: Holostei
Ratfish
Subclass: Elasmobranchi
Order: Selachidae
– Sharks
– Cartilagenous
skeleton
– Streamlined body
– 5-7 gill slits
Subclass: Elasmobranchi
Order: Batiformes
– Skates, Rays
– Cartilagenous
skeleton
– flattened body
– 5-6 gill slits on the
underside of the
body
Subclass: Holocephali
– Cartilagenous
skeleton
– Lack dermal scales
– Venomous spine
– single gill opening
with hard covering
Osteichthyes - Bony Fish
(Bony Skeleton)
Class:Sarcopterygii
– Lobe-finned Fish
– Lungfish
Class:
Actinopterygii
– Ray-finned Fish
Osteichthyes
Embedded
dermal
(ctenoid) scales
Operculum
Swim Bladder
Lateral Line
Osteichthyes
Fins
–
–
–
–
–
Dorsal
Pectoral
Pelvic
Caudal
Anal
Class:Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned Fish
Subclass: Coelacanthiomorpha
Coelocanth
– Fleshy pectoral
and anal fins
which are
supported by
bones.
Class:Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned Fish
Subclass: Dipnoi
Lungfish
– Fleshy fins
– True lungs
Class Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Holostei
– (Primitive fish)
– Order: Lepisoteriformes Bowfins
– Order: Amiiformes - Gars
Bowfins
Gar
They are found in
brackish conditions.
They can use their
swim bladders to
obtain extra oxygen.
Class Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
In this infraclass, all of the fish are
considered to be the ray-finned fish.
They have a movable maxilla and
premaxilla and modified muscles
that allow them to have a
protrusable mouth.
Class Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
Superorder:
Osteoglossomorpha
Superorder:
Elopomorpha
Superorder:
Clupeomorpha
Superorder:
Ostariphysi
Superorder:
Protacanthopterygii
Superorder:
Stenopterygii
Superorder:
Scopelomorpha
Superorder:
Acanthopterygii
Superorder:
Osteoglossomorpha
Bony Tongued Fish
The Bony tongue
is used to bite
against.
They are also
found in brackish
conditions. They
can use their
swim bladders to
obtain extra
oxygen.
They are snakelike
with long bodies.
Unlike land snakes,
eels are usually scale
less, although a few
species can be found
with tiny scales along
their bodies. Over
100 vertebrae form
the eel's spine, which
makes the animal
very flexible.
Superorder:
Elopomorpha
Eels
Superorder: Clupeomorpha
Clupeiformes
This is the order of rayfinned fish that includes
the herring family and
the anchovy family.
Clupeiformes are
physostomes, which
means that the gas
bladder has a pneumatic
duct connecting it to the
gut. They typically lack a
lateral line.
Superorder: Ostariphysii
These fish release an
alarm substance and
their first few
vertebrates are used
to pass sound from
the swim bladder to
the inner ear for
acute hearing. They
also have a gas
bladder.
Superorder:
Protacanthopterygii
These are fish that
lack specialization.
They are important
game fish like
Salmon and Trout
Superorder: Stenopterygii
Dragonfish are deep water fish. Many deep
sea fish are biouminescent
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Lantern fish are deep water fish. Many
deep sea fish are bioluminescent. They
have large eyes and adipose fins.
Superorder:
Acanthopterygii
Ray-finned Fish – they make up of a
very diverse group of fish which usually
have a Pelvic fin spine present.
Evolution of the Tetrapods
Evolution of the Tetrapods
Deep Sea Fish
Deep sea fish are
among the most
elusive and unusual
looking creatures on
Earth.
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