• Empirical method to study the unobservable
• The neural mechanisms of behavior cannot be directly observed
• Measure what you can observe
• Logically inferring the nature of events that cannot be observed

Delgado’s charging bull
Video: http://www.physiology.wisc.edu/yin/public/
1965 New York Times report: http://www.mesolimbic.com/matador.html

Delgado’s claim
1965 New York Times report: http://www.mesolimbic.com/matador.html
“functions traditionally related to the psyche, such as friendliness, pleasure or verbal expression, can be induced, modified and inhibited by direct electrical stimulation of the brain.”

“An examination of the film record makes it apparent that the charging bull was stopped because as long as the stimulation was on it was forced to turn around in the same direction continuously.”
(Valenstein, 1973, p. 98)

Prefrontal lobotomy: leucotome

Transorbital lobotomy http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5014080
Howard Dully during his transorbital lobotomy,
Dec. 16, 1960.
Credit: George Washington
University Gelman Library Howard Dully holding one of Dr. Walter Freeman's original ice picks, January
2004. Courtesy Sound
Portraits, George Washington
University Gelman Library
7

Brain Implant Offers Hope for Severely Depressed http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4627438
Wires threaded under the patient's scalp and neck skin are connected to a battery pack implanted below the collarbone. The pack delivers continuous electrical current at programmed settings and can be adjusted externally by placing a controller over it. Henry Ford Health System
An X-ray shows two deep brain stimulation electrodes implanted on either side of a patient's brain.
Courtesy Dr. Helen Mayberg
8

PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?otool=mdtwsnlib

Cook Library  research port – click “P” in alphabetical list http://researchport.umd.edu/V/3APTGFDBXQGNN14RH3BG2GMTGU997J1HQKIMLPD
R8JGXSUQ9PQ-19313?func=find-db-1-title&mode=titles&scan_start=p%3F