Panel #3: Revolution on
transportation and urban-or-noturban planning
Freshman Seminar
Nov. 26, 2012
Gen: Transportation main source of oil
consumption
Gen: Projections
JMNJA: Subsectors of Transportation
Gen: Need solution that makes us less
sensitive to “international events”
TRANSPORTATION FACTS
CRKMS:
GLOBAL
PICTURE
• http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ene
rgymode.html
CRKMS: Transportation subsectors
RTSBR: GASOLINE CONSUMPTION
JMNJA: CLOSER LOOK AT
Gasoline Usage in the US
JMNJA:
RTSBR: Price of gasoline in the USA
RSTSBR: PRICE DIFFERENCE DUE TO
VARIOUS FACTORS LIKE TAXES
JMNJA: Predictions by the EIA
• By 2030, the US will consume 20% less
gasoline, yet have 27 million more cars on the
road
• The US oil demand will continue a slow
decline
• By 2022, Biofuels will account for 25% of the
gas sold at the pump
CRKMS: Government role in
transportation efficiency
• Past: Eisenhower Interstate System- both for
defense and freedom of movement.
• Expensive, but hugely effective in shaping
today’s American economy through accessible
routes.
GEN: Current Cars in the USA
CRKMS: light DUTY VEHICLES
• In 2010, light vehicles accounted for 58.8% of the
transportation energy consumption
in
USA
which
Motorcycles
was 16,261.8 Trillion Btu.
0.33%
Light trucks
48.71%
Cars
50.97%
• In 2009, the numbers were 59.4% and 16,270.7
Trillion Btu respectively.
JMNJA:Changes over the next 5 years
• Enforce high mpg in all new cars made, 35 mpg
• More heavily subsidize cars that use electricity,
like the Chevy Volt and Telsa
• Cars need to be made more efficient and the
transition from gasoline to electricity in
passenger vehicles must be accelerated
• Develop lighter cars
GEN: REDUCTION IN OIL
CONSUMPTION ALREADY BEGAN…
NOT ENOUGH
RECALL
•
• Fuel
How is the usage of Fuel, Hybrid and electric vehicles
in JMNJA:
changing ISSUES…
in the USA?
remain dominant
o avg. price is cheaper
o
• Only recently beginning to decrease
o
has been dominant for years
• Increase in efficiency
SUV size is shrinking
(http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/0
5/21/suv-sales-continue-to-soar-despite-highgas-prices)
o New govt. standard sets avg. MPG to 54 by 2025
o
• JMNJA: Market share expected to remain
below 10% until 2016
Hybrid
consumers worry about higher prices
o tax credits from Energy Policy Act of 2005 have
expired
o
• Increased production, more models available
o
companies are fighting for small consumer
section
• Increased interest, improved perception
• Sales have been increasing every year
3% of all cars sold YTD in 2012
o 2.11% in 2011
o
A case study
•
Price of entry level model
Chevy Volt
$31,645
Toyota Prius
$24,200
38 miles/charge
380 miles/charge+gas
51 MPG
Nissan Leaf
$27,700
106 MPGe
Honda Civic
$16,755
28 MPG
Honda Civic Hybrid Chevy Cruze
$24,200
$17,130
44 MPG
26 MPG
• JMNJA: US has most in the world (55,000)
That is only .02% of cars in US
Electric
o Very recent increase led by sales of Chevy Volt
(27000 units)
o Other top sellers are Nissan Leaf and Prius Plug
In
o
• Limited by:
cost and weight of batteries
o driving range
o
• Pros:
fuel costs are about $500/year
o zero emissions
o reduce oil dependency
o
CRKMS: SMALL SCALE -Transportation efficiency
• Carpool lanes
• ULEV/SULEV/ZEV
• California- tax credit given to manufacturers of
aforementioned vehicles.
CRKMS: Role in public transport
• Public transport is in
many major cities across
the world, including
Chicago, New York, and
Tokyo.
• These transport systems
are generally held in high
regard for consumerscheap, efficient, and wellused.
• Sustainability depends
partially on how many
people are riding at once.
CRKMS: Public Transportation
GEN: CO2 REDUCTION
CRKMS: Consumer information
regarding environmental friendliness
• Currently: Energy Star Program
– EPA and DOE’s joint program to show consumers that
they can simultaneously save on energy bills and
contribute to a more sustainable future.
– Washing machines, dishwashers, all kinds of electrical
appliances.
– Encourages consumers and manufacturers alike
– Underlying numbers can be a bit intimidating and
tough to comprehend, but the government has set
out guidelines concerning what devices can be
branded with the “Energy Star.”
• JMNJA:
CO2
emissions
to
emphasize
What information needs to be
•
environmental effects
provided?
energy requirements in kWh
o
cost per year
• highlights consumer savings
• JMNJA: Cannot rely on education standards
Education - how can we effectively raise public awareness of energy
issues and change the mindset of the general population to favor
o states
very difficult to adapt
acceleration
of control
renewableeducation,
energy?
50 states
o some states will adopt new standards anyway
• Cultural education
o
Public service announcements


focus on benefits of renewable energy
address myths of renewable energy
• for example, the public fear of nuclear power
o
Movies, media

Eg, "An Inconvenient Truth"
• Ultimate Goal: Renewable Energy becoming
the norm
in
GEN: PERSEPTION, CHANGES AND
TRENDS
JMNJA: BTU per Passenger
– Mile Formula:
BTU per vehicle-mile =
BTU per gallon
-----------------------------vehicle-miles per gallon
BTU per vehicle-mile
BTU per passenger-mile = -----------------------------passengers per vehicle
The British thermal unit (symbol Btu or sometimes BTU) is a
traditional unit of energy equal to about 1.055 kjoules.
RTSBR: BTU per passenger mile
JMNJA: BTU per Passenger – Mile
http://www.debunkingportland.com/transit/busvscartedb.htm
RTSBR:
RTSBR:
• Subsidies go
towards
construction and
maintenance, not
making public
transit cheaper for
the consumer
• Following European Union’s proposal:
http://www.gizmag.com/single-european-transportarea/18345/
RTSBR:
• Transforming Europe’s transport infrastructure by 2050
• Single European Transport Area  “forty initiatives for road, rail and air travel
that aim to increase mobility, reduce reliance on oil imports, cut emissions by
60% and combat congestion by halving the use of ‘conventionally fueled’ cars in
urban transport by 2030 with a view to phasing them out in cities by 2050.”
• Using proposal as guideline, similar strategy can be used in US:
• Adopted use of low-carbon fuels in aviation
• Movement of road freight traveling to rail or boat
• “Public transport quality and connections must be improved if
consumer behavior is to change”
• A focus specifically on longer-distance travel, and intercontinental
freight, air and sea travel
• Research into new engines, fuels and traffic management systems
increasing efficiency and reducing emissions
• http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ene
rgymode.html
CRKMS: Aviation (Airplanes!)
• According to previous graph, cargo
planes are the fastest but most energyconsuming transportation method
• The key with aviation is to advance it as
we have been advancing personal cars,
by creating hybrids and eventually,
possibly fully electric planes, all while
experimenting with various kinds of other
resources to fuel aircrafts
• Another step is, of course, making lighter
aircrafts, such as the last picture.
CRKMS: How to Improve Aviation
• Developing more
aerodynamic
aircrafts
• Lighter weight
materials so as to
use less fuel per
trip
• Could go for
“hybrid” planes
• NASA and Boeing
working on a
hydrogen-cell
hybrid airplane,
Boeing 777,
timeline set to be
in 2015.
http://www.hybridvehicles.net/images/airplanes/hybrid-airplane.jpg
Hybrid Aircraft
http://www.aeroscraft.com/#/products/4565657678
SO… MODERN Highways
•
•
•
Highways in the sky…
Flying cars! DUH! (Inspiration: Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Futurama, Back to
the Future 2, every other show/movie with flying cars…)
Good news: They exist!
http://news.wyotech.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pal-v.jpg
http://news.wyotech.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/terrafugi
atransition.jpg
The only
problem is that
they are a bit
costly to say the
very least…
The Terrafugia Transition is an
airplane-like style of flying car
with collapsable wings, however
it does require a runway for
takeoff and landing.
The PAL-V is totally street-legal with
blades that fold back into the back
hatch while on the road, can reach up
to 100mph on the road, developed by
Dutch in 2008 and made its first flight
in early 2012.
Highways
• Flying cars (continued)
http://www.instablogsimages.com/1/2012/0
3/06/image_title_bzqmg_230x160.jpg
The SkyCar can reach 13,200 ft
in the air and cruise at 375
mph and the current asking
price is $1 million, but it is
possible that it could go down
as low as $60,000 if/when it is
mass-produced
The Moller M200X Flying Car
was invented by a man who
spent his life building flying car
prototypes. This car has been
flown over 200 times and has
gone as high as 50 ft in the air.
http://www.instablogsimages.com/1/2
012/03/06/image_title_je3mt_230x16
0.jpg
JMNJA: Carbon Footprints
• Plane : 69 kg/CO2 per mph
• Train: 8 kg/CO2 per mph
• Car:
.130kg/CO2 per mpH
 WHAT ABOUT BOATS/SHIP???????
CRKMS: Marine
• In one hour, a single cargo ship can emit as
much as 350,000 cars
• CO2 emissions from shipping make up
between 4 and 5% of the world’s emissions
• Ballast water and bilge water can harm
marine life
• Larger marine animals may be hit by
oncoming ships
• The diesel exhaust emitted by cargo ships is
a likely human carcinogen, as declared by
the EPA
• Oil spills are always a risk
• Tankers and container ships are some of the
slowest methods of transportation
CRKMS: Improving Marine
Transportation
• Already ships are
required to use Ultralow sulfur diesel to
reduce sulfur
emissions
• “Prius of the Sea”,
the Viking Lady is a
hybrid ship reducing
CO2 emissions by
20-30% and the fuel
savings will pay for
the ship in two years
CRKMS: Marine
• MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
• (Magneto-Hydro-Dynamics)
• It means the water is
electrified and then
propelled by a magnetic
field through small areas to
force the vessel in the
opposite direction
• Very few prototypes exist
and this is still a largely
unused idea, but worth
investigating
The Yamato 1 was built
with two MHD drives, but
was only able to reach
speeds of 8 knots, thus
considered useless.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/0/0d/Yamato_1_from_the_
front.JPG/800pxYamato_1_from_the_front.JPG
JMNJA: Trading
• Land
– Primary method is Trains
• Are the most efficient
• Can easily adopt electricity (models exist)
CRKMS: Railways
http://www.chooseclimate.org/climatetrain/pics/electric.gif
http://www.chooseclimate.org/climatetrain/pics/ctecobal.gif
URBAN PLANNING
JMNJA: Environmental Standards for
Urban Construction
• http://www.urbangreenenergy.com/
• Require a certain percentage of energy to
come from renewables
• Put a cap on energy consumption by means of
non- renewable energy
– Extra energy can be sold to other businesses that
exceed the consumption regulations
• Transit Oriented Developments
– Design Cities where necessities are more localized
JMNJA: Making Public Transportation
more Reasonable for Suburban Areas
• Operate vehicles around focal points
• Restrict land use to more populated areas of
suburbs to make public transit more effective
• Operate more in “blue collared” areas
• Intersect other forms of transportation ex: train
and subway system with bus system
• Make main attractions, malls, and large
businesses accessible
• System must adapt and grow with the community
JMNJA: Cites and Suburban Areas
Improve Non-Motorized Transit
• Invest in Bike Lanes and the Bike Sharing
System
• Transit Oriented Developments
• Form Based Codes
• Implement or Increase Road Tolls
CRKMS
Urban Planning
• Electricity is easy to transport and difficult to store, so
it should can be farther from the urban area
• Heat is hard to transport and easy to store, so it should
be close to the urban area
– Can be stored in the form of water or other liquids
• Underground in geothermal wells
• Expanded bicycle and pedestrian pathways
– Separate paths for bikes so they don’t have to share with
the road with cars
• More trees – take in CO2, release oxygen
– Healthier for everyone
– More land for parks
How can we make the power grid
CRKMS
more efficient?
Solutions:
1) Build more transmission lines
2) Upgrade old transmission lines to improve
reliability
3) Replace old and inefficient RMR generators
GEN
…More basic: Do we really need to be far from the
energy source in the future???
More smaller, closer power sources is an
alternative?.... Let’s discuss first making bigger GRIDS
Build more transmission lines and a
CRKMS
larger power grid
– “...transmission inadequacies are the single largest
roadblock preventing the effective delivery of wind energy
in the United States”
– Geothermal, solar, and hydroelectric energy sources suffer
as well
– They have lots of energy to deliver but are unable because
transmission lines can’t handle all the energy
– Many clean power plants (solar, wind) are waiting to
connect to the power grid to deliver power
– 300,000 MW of wind energy are waiting in 2011
– Also create many jobs - by utilizing that 20% produced by
wind, we get 500,000 jobs and $450 billion to stay in our
economy
RTSBR:
How can we make the power grid more efficient?
• Increase resistance of wires and equipment so not as
much energy is lost.
• Provide subsidies for gas-insulated
– Efficiency of high-voltage transmission fullest
extent
• Switch from low voltage to high voltage.
– Greater efficiency
– Decrease in the cost
RTSBR:
RTSBR:
Residential Construction
• Weatherization
Assistance Program
– To help low income
families weatherize
homes
• Water recycling:
efficient, but expensive
– Outdated models can
use more energy and
have a higher carbon
footprint than nonrecycled water
RTSBR:
• Building
integrated
photovoltaics
(BIPV)
– Estimated to
cost $11,200
• Belgium’s solar
tunnel
• Space saving housing
designs:
– Cheaper to build and
heat/cool
– Windows to maximize
heat/light
RTSBR:
CRKMS
Vancouver Plan
• Neighborhood-scale renewable energy systems
• First example was Neighborhood Energy Utility
(NEU)
– Reduced emissions by 55% by connecting buildings to
share a renewable heat resource
– System gathers wasted heat from sewage system
which is only economical if multiple buildings are
using the source
• http://vancouver.ca/files/cov/Greenest-cityaction-plan.pdf
CRKMS
Seattle Plan – Urban villages
• In heavily populated urban centers, create new
“urban villages” that can be walked and have all
the amenities of a normal town – town center,
park, commercial buildings, residential buildings
• Centralized resources in each village so each
village is self-sufficient and doesn’t need to
depend on outside energy resources and other
natural resources such as water
• Utilize streets to provide avenues of
transportation for cars in addition to water and
energy
CRKMS
Seattle Plan (cont)
• This plan may
not apply to
all cities since
not all cities
have so much
access to
water