The Presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe and the Market Economy (Unit II, Segment 1 of 3) ■Essential Question: –How did Jefferson’s presidency change American government, territory, & foreign policy? ■Warm-Up Question: –How will the fact that Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican influence his policies as America’s third president? The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860) –Early Antebellum (1800-1840) • American nationalism • Age of the “common man” • Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy –Late Antebellum (1840-1860) • Manifest Destiny into the West • Sectionalism divided North & South 1. George Washington 2. John Adams 3. Thomas Jefferson 4. James Madison 5. James Monroe 6. John Q. Adams 7. Andrew Jackson Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the “Revolution of 1800”: –For the first time, a new political party took the presidency –Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-Republicans Jefferson as President ■As a Democratic-Republican, Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t: –He reduced the size of the army Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty From 1800 to 1810,reclaimed the population grew by In 1800, Napoleon Louisiana from The United States in 1800 2 million people, thousands flooded into to the Spain, but by 1803, he needed money west, & his 3 new states were to to thesell USA fund European war &added offered Louisiana Ohio (1803) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796) As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson The Louisiana Purchase (1803)did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but he did it anyway In 1803,Lewis Jefferson & Clark were sent by Jefferson to authorized map the & explore this new territory; Their Louisiana Purchase findings revealed an abundance of from France natural resources for America for $15 million Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804 Jefferson’s Legacy ■ Jefferson came into office trying to reduce the size & power of the national government, but: –By buying Louisiana, he expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution 1. George Washington 2. John Adams 3. Thomas Jefferson 4. James Madison 5. James Monroe 6. John Q. Adams 7. Andrew Jackson James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812 – Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP – Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t The War of 1812 Unfortunately, the war between “Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” England & France continued to was a popular battle cry cause problems for Americans: –England & France continued to violate American free trade –The British navy continued to “impress” American merchants –Many Congressmen, called “War Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution” Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812 TheThe British attacked & burned War of 1812 Washington, DC… (1812—1814) • The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began …and laid siege to –Had awhere weak Baltimore Francis Scott Key navy & poorly wrote the “Star trained army Spangled Banner” –The war went badly at first The War of 1812 (1812—1814) • Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly The War of 1812 (1812—1814) • The In 1814, Britain Americans &were U.S.led signed by the Treaty of Andrew Jackson Ghent ending who became a the war hero national • Before news The victory at arrived, the New Orleans led Americans won many Americans the Battle of toNew feel Orleans as though they won the war Treaty of Ghent ■ Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it did not address trade rights or other causes of the war ■ Effects of the War of 1812: –Americans were united in a sense of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British –America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy 1. George James Monroe was elected Washington president in 1816 & 1820 2. John Adams with a clear set of goals: 3. Thomas –To promote national unity Jefferson 4. James –To promote America’s Madison power in the world 5. James • Monroe was a DemocraticMonroe Republican, but by 1816 the 6. John Q. Adams Federalists were so weak 7. Andrew that the Republicans could Jackson do almost anything The Era of Good Feelings ■ After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825: –Monroe & the Democratic Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism –Nationalism—the interests of the U A should be placed ahead of regional interests American Nationalism ■Monroe & the Democratic Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity through the –Economy: Encourage industry & build better transportation to link the South, North, & West The American System ■In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West –Created a tariff to promote U.S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods –A nat’l system of roads & canals The Market Revolution ■ From 1800 to 1840, the U.S. developed a “national” economy: –New technologies allowed the North (industry), South (cotton), & West (commercial farming) to develop specialized economies –Improved transportation reduced travel time & cost to ship goods which helped connect the country The National Economy: The North Technology: By 1840, Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts & other textile technology led to an Industrial Revolution in the North Eli Whitney’s Other Major Invention: Interchangeable Parts Power Loom Samuel Slater: Sewing Machine Father of the American Factory System Spinning Mule The National Economy: The North Specialized Regional Economy: By 1840, Northern factories mass produced textiles, farm equipment, other finished goods The growth of factories in the North led to an increase in cities (urbanization) Textile Production Before the Industrial Revolution The Lowell Mill in Massachusetts was the most famous textile mill Lowell managers hired Textileyoung, single girls to work & live Production at the factory During the Industrial Revolution 1820 American Population Centers in 1860 The National Economy: The West Technology: Cyrus McCormick’s reaper & John Deere’s steel plow allowed western farmers to grow enough food to sell Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper John Deere & the Steel Plow The National Economy: The West Specialized Regional Economy: The West became a network of cash-crop farms producing wheat, corn, hogs, & cattle Commercial Farming in the West The National Economy: The South Technology: In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin making cotton easy to refine & very profitable The Cotton Gin The National Economy: The South Specialized Regional Economy: By 1820, cotton became the dominant cash crop of the Deep South The spread of cotton increased slavery & plantation agriculture in the South The Rise of “King Cotton” ■ Southern cotton was so important to the antebellum economy that it was known as “King Cotton” –The South provided 75% of world’s cotton –Southern cotton stimulated the growth of Northern textile industry, shipping, & marketing Slave Population, Population, 1820 1860 Connecting Regional Economies Into a National Market Economy The Market Revolution ■ During the antebellum era, these 3 regional economies became connected as a result of: –Henry Clay’s American System (tariff on foreign manufacturing, & national funding for transportation) –A transportation revolution of roads, canals, & early railroads that built America’s infrastructure Transportation Revolution 18201860 Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads Steamboats & Canals ■ Canals & steamboats helped connect the West & East: –Western farmers could now get industrial farm equipment –Canals & Robert Fulton’s steamboat helped cut shipping costs by 90% for farmers –As a result, western farmers could produce more food & make more profits st steamboat Robert Fulton’s The Clermont, the 1 Major Canals by 1840 The most important canal was the Erie Canal (1825) because it provided the 1st major link between the East & West Because the Erie Canal brought so much trade down the Hudson River, New York City became the commercial capital of the U.S. Inland Freight Rates Railroads • In the 1830s, railroad construction first began • By 1860, railroads had become the greatest transportation network in America Immigration ■ In the 1840s, millions of Irish & Germans immigrated to the U.S. – Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in Northern factories or moved west (Swedes and Norwegians to MN) to become farmers – Immigrants, especially Catholics, faced prejudice from native-born Americans (this was called Nativism) – The Know-Nothing Party was formed to limit immigration & keep immigrant men from voting Where did antebellum immigrants go? Farmers Immigration to the US 1820-1860 Industrial workers Propaganda from the Know-Nothing Party attacking German & Irish immigrants Closure ■Chart: –Big picture—where do we go from here? –Map background—what’s keeping the country together (nationalism?) –What is going to start breaking the country apart (sectionalism?)