Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University
College of pharmacy
Department of Pharmacognosy
Introduction to
Herbal Botanical garden, Herbarium plant taxonomy
and morphology
lectures by: Osman A.O. Elmakki
Osman Elmakki Pharmacognosy
Department SAU
1
Botanical garden, herbarium
and Taxonomy
Osman Elmakki Pharmacognosy
Department SAU
2
Part I
General Definition of the
botanical garden
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Department SAU
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General Definition of the
botanical garden
• A place/ venue (controlled or semi controlled
environment) to cultivate/ grow (cultural practices)
different plant species for different purposes (public,
conservation, recreation, global conservations, genetic
conservation…etc)
• Specific definition for herbal botanical garden
• It’s a botanical garden made for academic and research
purposes mainly in pharmacy by cultivation of medicinal,
aromatic and poisonous plant species.
Osman Elmakki Pharmacognosy
Department SAU
4
A little about history
People on all continents have used hundreds to
thousands of indigenous plants for treatment of
ailments since prehistoric times.
In the written record, the study of herbs dates back
over 5000 years to the Sumerians, who described
well established medicinal uses for such established
plants as laurel, caraway, and thyme.
The first Chinese herbal book compiled possibly 2700
B.C. It lists 365 medicinal plants and their uses.
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Department SAU
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Objectives of the BG
why do we need a Herbal botanical gardens?
• Objectives of the BG
why do we need a Herbal botanical gardens?
• Create a controlled environment to cultivate plants.
• To provide samples of medicinal, aromatic and poisonous plants for
academic and researches purposes.
• To conserve the endanger medicinal plant species allover KSA.
• To exchange experiences between different BG at national and
international level.
• To train students and researchers on different cultivation process.
• To create a storage of the required plants for academic and
research purposes
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Department SAU
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Components of the HBG
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Green houses.
High land area
Low land area
Irrigation system
Storages.
Main farms.
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Department SAU
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Definition of the medicinal plants
 Any plant or part of the plants which provides healthpromoting characteristics and temporary relief.
 Is the plant or part of the plants that act to prevent and
treat diseases and ailments or to promote health and
healing.
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Department SAU
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Definition of the aromatic & poisonous
plant
 Aromatic plants:
Is a plant or part of a plant that is characterized by a fragrant smell
and usually by a warm, pungent taste as ginger, cinnamon.
 poisonous plants:
A plant which contain specific chemical poisons, although they may
not be identified. They are a different group from plants which cause
illness if eaten in very large amounts or have physical qualities that
cause illness
Osman Elmakki Pharmacognosy
Department SAU
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How to grow medicinal plants
• Selection of the medicinal plants (seeds or
seedlings) that need to be grown.
• Selection of the area for plantation.
• Selection of the methods for plantation.
• Selection of the proper irrigation system.
• Selection of the time (season)
• Prepare the medicinal plant for research and lab
works.
Osman Elmakki Pharmacognosy
Department SAU
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Good agricultural practices for medicinal
plants
Selection of medicinal plants
Where applicable, the species or botanical variety selected for
cultivation should be the same as that specified in the national
pharmacopoeia or recommended by other authoritative national
documents of the end-user's country.
• Botanical identity
The botanical identity – scientific name (genus, species,
subspecies/variety, author, and family) – of each medicinal plant
under cultivation should be verified and recorded.
If available, the local and English common names should also be
recorded.
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Department SAU
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Cont. Good agricultural practices for medicinal
plants
• Specimens
In the case of the first registration in a producer’s country of a
medicinal plant or where reasonable doubt exists as to the identity of
a botanical species, a voucher botanical
• Seeds and other propagation materials
Seeds and other propagation materials should be specified, and suppliers
of seeds and other propagation materials should provide all necessary
information relating to the identity
Osman Elmakki Pharmacognosy
Department SAU
12
Cont. Good agricultural practices for medicinal
plants
• Cultivation
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the
quality of medicinal plant materials required. If no scientific published or
documented cultivation data are available, traditional methods of cultivation
should be followed, where feasible. Otherwise a method should be
developed through research.
• Site selection
Medicinal plant materials derived from the same species can show significant
differences in quality when cultivated at different sites, owing to the influence
of soil, climate and other factors.
Osman Elmakki Pharmacognosy
Department SAU
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Part II
Herbarium
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Department SAU
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Herbarium
is a collection of dried, pressed
plants mounted on herbarium
sheets bearing detailed data label
and stored in a herbarium cabinet
in a climate controlled room,
preferable one that can be
fumigated and one without windows
that open.
A herbarium can be thought of as a
dried plant library, the pages of the
books are the sheets of plants. Like
a library, the “books” or dried plant
specimens are arranged in
systematic order by plant FAMILY
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Department SAU
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Department SAU
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The purpose of a herbarium?
• A long term preservation material for
taxonomic research
• A store of reference material
• Maintain nomenclatural standards
• A comprehensive data-bank
• Voucher specimen for any scientific
publications
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Department SAU
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Department SAU
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How to collect plants
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Plants for herbarium
Collection rules
How to collect
Collection consideration.
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Department SAU
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1.0 Consideration for Collection of
specimens
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Do not decimate population if small or plant is rare.
Try to sample most of variation present in population.
At least one specimen should be fully excavated to display the
root system.
Spread plant to provide as many views as possible.
Pay attention to laws/permit requirements
No federal parks or reserves –need permission.
No state parks
County parks – ask
No endangered species.
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Department SAU
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2.0 Specimens label
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Collectors’ name: Specimen number:
Date collected:
Location collected:
Habitat description:
Common name(s) of plant:
Scientific name -Plant family:
Characteristics = flower color, resin or latex if observed,
height, bark,
• fragrance, other unique characteristics
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Department SAU
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3.0 dry specimen
• the specimen after it is labeled it should be
located in a dryer for some times until all
parts of the plant is completely dry and no
any moisture content appear.
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Department SAU
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4.0 Mount specimen
• Lay specimens out to observe maximum
diagnostic characteristics
• Root on bottom of paper, shoots towards the top
• Leave space in the right hand corner for labels
• Typically use acid-free paper, glue and ink
• For class: any paper ok, Elmer’s glue ok
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Department SAU
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Part III
Taxonomy
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Department SAU
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• Taxonomy is the science of systematically naming and
organizing organisms into similar groups.
• Plant taxonomy is an old science that uses the gross
morphology (physical characteristics, i.e., flower form, leaf
shape, fruit form, etc.) of plants to separate them into similar
groups.
• Quite often the characteristics that distinguish the plants
become a part of their name. For example, Quercus alba is a
white oak ‫خشب البلوط‬, named because the underside of the leaf
is white.
• The development of more sophisticated microscopes and
laboratory chemical analyses has made this new science
possible.
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Department SAU
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Carl Von Linne
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• Modern taxonomy originated in the mid-1700s when Swedishborn Carolus Linnaeus (also known as Carl Linnaeus or Carl
von Linné) published his multi-volume Systema naturae,
outlining his new and revolutionary method for classifying and,
especially, naming living organisms.
• Prior to Linnaeus, all described species were given long,
complex names that provided much more information than was
needed and were clumsy to use. Linnaeus took a different
approach: he reduced every single described species to a twopart, Latinized name known as the “binomial” name. Thus,
through the Linnaean system a species such as the dog rose
changed from long, unwieldy names such as
Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina and
Rosa sylvestra alba cum rubore, folio glabro
to the shorter, easier to use Rosa canina.
• This facilitated the naming of species that, with the massive
influx of new specimens from newly explored regions of Africa,
Asia, and America.
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Department SAU
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Kingdoms
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2.
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4.
5.
all organisms on the planet are classified into 5
Kingdoms:
Animalia (animals),
Plantae (plants, some multicellular algae),
Fungi (fungi),
Monera (prokaryotic bacteria),(single cell organizm)
and Protista (eukaryotic bacteria, most algae,
etc.)
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Department SAU
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Common Taxonomic Divisions
• Taxonomic classification is the hierarchical
organization of living beings into categories
and subcategories that reveal their
likenesses.
• The scientific system of classification divides
all living things into groups called taxa
(singular, taxon).
• Plants are in the Kingdom of Plantae.
• and Animalia (animals).
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Department SAU
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The plant kingdom is divided into two taxa
 broyophytes (including mosses (any of various
kinds of small leafy plants which grow in clusters
on different surfaces (ground, rocks, trees, etc.),
)and liverworts) and
 vascular plants (plants with a vascular system
of xylem and phloem).
 Vascular plants (sometimes called higher plants)
are divided into two subgroups: seedless and
seeded.
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Department SAU
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Taxonomic classification
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Department SAU
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• The seeded plants divides into two
taxa
• Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms)(plants whose seeds are exposed ) and
• Angiospermae (Angiosperms)(plant whose seeds are contained in an ovary
or fruit ). Produce seeds through flowering
• Gymnosperms (meaning naked seed) do not produce
flowers, but rather produce seeds on the end of modified
bracts, such as pine cone)‫)كوز الصنوبر‬.
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Department SAU
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Angiospermae are devided into two taxa:
Monocotyledon (monocote)
A monocot has only one seed leaf
Dicotyledon (dicote)
A dicot has two cotyledons (dicot is
short for 'dicotyledon', and 'di' means
two).
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Department SAU
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Monocots VS. Dicots
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Department SAU
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Families
 Families of higher plants are separated from one another
by characteristics inherent in their reproductive structures
(flowers, fruit, and seed).
 Many family members share common characteristics in
plant appearances, seed location and appearance, and
growth habit. However, some families have a lot of diversity
in appearance.
Examples:
 Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle family, including Elders,
Honeysuckle, Snowberry and Viburnum
 Fabaceae – Pea family, including Japanese Pagoda,
Locust and Siberian Peashrubs
 Oleaceae – Olive family, including Ash, Forsythia, Lilac and
Privet
 Rosaceae – Rose family, including Apples, Cotoneaster,
Crabapples, Potentillas, Peach, Plum, Mountain Ash, and
250 common landscape plants
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Department SAU
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Genus and Species
• The taxonomic divisions beyond the family level
are the genus and specific epithet(nickname) names,
together called the species. Plants are named
using a binomial system.
• The genus name comes first and is similar to a
person’s last name (like; Smith).
• The specific epithet names follows as a more
specific identifier.
• It would be analogous to a person’s first name
(like John).Genus Specific epithet Smith John
• Catalpa speciosa
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Department SAU
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Genera
(plural of genus) are groupings whose members
have more characteristics in common with each
other than they do with other genera within the
same family.
 Similarity of flowers and fruits is the most widely
used feature, although roots, stems, buds, and
leaves are also used.
 Common names of plants typically apply to
genera. For example Acer )‫(الدردار‬is the genus of
maples, Fraxinus is the ash, and Juniperus is the
junipers(‫العرعر‬.)
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Department SAU
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Plant parts
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Department SAU
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Pronouncing scientific names
• Genus and specific epithet names are universal in
spelling (that is each plant has a single genus and
specific epithet name, spelled the same, worldwide).
• However, pronunciation of scientific names is not
universal, and will vary based on the local language.
For example, the tomato may be pronounced ‘toemay-toe’ or ‘toe-mah-toe’.
• Based on the native language and local dialect of the
user, scientific names may actually sound rather
different in various countries.
• Many Latin names have become ‘generic’ common
names. For example: anemone, rhododendron,
crocus, and viburnum.
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Department SAU
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Latin names add meaning
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Latin names often add meaning about the plant’s description, for example:
o American = of America – Fraxinus americana (white ash)
o Baccata = berry bearing – Taxus baccata (common yew)
o Micro = little, small – Antennaria microphylla (littleleaf pussytoes)
o Officinalis = medicinal – Rosemarius officinialis (rosemary)
o Repens = creeping, crawling – Mahonia repens (creeping Oregon grape)
o Undulata = wavy – Quercus undulata (wavyleaf oak)
o Variegatus = variegated – Miscanthus sinensis ‘Variegatus’ (variegated Japanese
silver grass)
o Vulgaris = common -- Syringa vulgaris (common purple lilac)
o Alba = white – Quercus alba (White oak)
o Niger = black – Pinus nigra (Black pine)
o Ruber = red – Acer rubrum (Red maple), Quercus rubra (Red oak)
o Sanguineus = blood-red – Geranium sanguineum
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Department SAU
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Medicinal plants name
‫االسم االنجليزي‬
‫األسم الالتيني‬
‫الفصيلة‬
Cayenne Pepper
Capsicum annuum
Solanaceae
‫فلفل الشطة‬
Coffee
Coffea arabica
Rubiaceae
‫القهوة‬
Tooth Brush tree Salvadora persica
Salvadoraceae
‫شجر األراك‬
Roselle
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Malvaceae
‫الكركدي‬
Date palm
Phoenix dactylifera
palmae
‫نخيل البلح‬
Nigella
Nigella sativa
Ranunculaceae
‫حبة البركة‬
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Department SAU
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Common names
• On the other hand, common names are often local in use
and many times do not clearly identify the specific plant.
For example, Liriodendron tulipfera is known as the Tulip Tree in the
north and as Yellow Poplar in the south.
Carpinus caroliniana goes by American Hornbeam, Blue Beech,
Musclewood, Water Beech, and Ironwood
• The European White Lily, (Nymphaea alba),
has
• 15 English common names
• 44 French common names
• 105 German common names
• and 81 Dutch common names.
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Lecture II
Part IV
Morphology
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Morphology
• It deals with the outer shape of the plant.
• Morphology is very important for plants
identification and classification.
• Classification of flowering plats is based
mainly on the Morphology of the flowers.
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Department SAU
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The Leaves
• Leaves originate directly from the nodes
and may have stipules and auxiliary bud.
• Each leave composed of :
– Leaf base‫قاعدة الورقة‬
– Stipules ‫برعم ابطي‬
– Leaf stalk or petiole‫عنق الورقة‬
– Leaf blade or lamina ‫نصل الورقة‬
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Department SAU
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Leaf arrangements
•opposite - two leaves (a pair) attached per node, usually
opposite each other.
•alternate - one leaf attached per node, usually staggered (spiral)
along stem.
•whorled - three or more leaves attached per node, usually
equally spaced around the node.
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Leaf attachment
•Petiolate - the blade is attached to the stem by a petiole.
•Sessile - the blade is attached directly to the stem without a petiole.
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Department SAU
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Leaf margins
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Leaf shapes
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Leave can be:
Simple leaves:
Consists of single leaf blade (lamina).
Compound leaves:
Consists of separate leaflets each has separate lamina and secondary
leaf stalk but never have stipules and auxillay buds.
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Department SAU
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Leaf venation (arrangement of veins)
•Pinnate venation - feather-like, net venation with lateral
veins extending from a central midrib.
•palmate venation - finger-like, net venation with several
major veins diverging from the union of the petiole and the
leaf blade.
•parallel venation - principal veins parallel to the axis of the
leaf.
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Department SAU
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Leave Shapes
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Flower
the seed-bearing part of a plant,
consisting of reproductive organs
(stamens and carpels) that are
typically surrounded by a brightly
coloured corolla (petals) and a
green calyx (sepals).
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Department SAU
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Parts of flower:
Male Parts
•Stamen ‫ي في الزهرة‬
َّ ‫ال‬
ّ ‫ العضو الذَّ َكر‬. ‫سداة‬
This is the male part of the flower. It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of
the plant. The number of stamen is usually the same as the number of petals.
•Anther ‫سداة المحتوي على اللقاح في النبات‬
َّ ‫المئْبَر وهو جزء ال‬
ِ
This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen. It is usually on top of a long stalk that
looks like a fine hair.
•Filament ‫الخيط‬
This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of.
Female Parts
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Pistil‫ عضو التأنيث‬carpel
This is the female part of the flower. It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed
of one to many rolled leaf like structures.
•Stigma ‫السمة‬
One of the female parts of the flower. It is the sticky bulb that you see in the center of the flowers, it is the
part of the pistil of a flower which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate.
•Style ‫حامل السمة‬
Another female part of the flower. This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of.
•Ovary‫المبيض‬
The part of the plant, usually at the bottom of the flower, that has the seeds inside and turns into the fruit
that we eat. The ovary contains ovules.
•Ovule ‫بيضة غير ملقحة‬
The part of the ovary that becomes the
seeds.
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Elmakki Pharmacognosy
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Department SAU
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Other Important Parts of a Flower
•Petal‫البتلة‬
The colorful, often bright part of the flower.
They attract pollinators and are usually
the reason why we buy and enjoy flowers.
•Sepal‫الكأس‬
The parts that look like little green leaves
that cover the outside of a flower bud to
protect the flower before it opens.
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Flower Types
•Imperfect Flower
A flower that has either all male parts or all
female parts, but not both in the same flower.
Examples: cucumbers, pumpkin, and melons.
•Perfect Flower
A flower that has both the male parts and female
parts in the same flower. Examples: roses, lilies,
and dandelion.
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Perfect & imperfect flower
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Floral Formula
A floral formula is a system of representing the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers, and
symbols.
A floral formula is a written shorthand used to
represent the structure of a flower using the
standard set of symbols shown at the right. The
four major floral parts are always shown in the
same order;
sepals (CA)
petals (CO)
stamens (A)
and carpels (G).
The number of each part in the flower is
indicated with a superscript number after the
letters.
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COMPONENTS AND SYMBOLS OF
FLORAL FORMULA
CaX = Calyx (sepal whorl) X = number of sepals (e.g. Ca5 = 5 sepals)
CoX = Corolla (petal whorl) X = number of petals (e.g., Co3(x) = petals
some multiple of three )
Z = add if Zygomorphic (e.g., CoZ6 = zygomorphic (Bilaterally
symmetrical) with 6 petals)
AX = Androecium (The stamens of a flower considered as a group) (whorl
of stamens) X = number of stamens (e.g., A∞ = many stamens)
GX = Gynoecium (ovary bearing carpels) X = number of carpels: if one,
termed 'monocarpous', if two or more and free or distinct, termed
'apocarpous', if two or more and fused, termed 'syncarpous' or connate.
(e.g., G1 = monocarpous)
OTHERS:
CaCo= perianth; if sepals and petals are alike termed 'tepals'; = adnate, or
fusion of two different floral
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 Floral formula
A floral formula is a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific
letters, numbers, and symbols. Typically, a general formula will be used to
represent the flower structure of a plant family rather than a particular
species. The following representations are used:
Ca = calyx ‫(سبلة الزهرة‬sepal whorl; e. g. Ca5 = 5 sepals)
Co = corolla ‫( تويج الزهرة‬petal whorl; e. g., Co3(x) = petals some multiple of three
)
Z = add if zygomorphic (e. g., CoZ6 = zygomorphic with 6 petals)
A = androecium (whorl of stamens; e. g., A∞ = many stamens)
G = gynoecium (carpel or carpels; e. g., G1 = monocarpous)
x: to represent a "variable number“
∞: to represent "many"
A floral formula would appear something like this:
Ca5Co5A10 - ∞G1
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The floral formulas
•+ ,
+
+•
,K (5), C 5, A 5+5, G 5, superior
•
__
• ,
, K (5), C 5, A ∞, G 2
,
,K pappus, C 5, A 5, G 2
•
+
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Department SAU
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