Chapter Introduction
Section 1: American
Nationalism
Section 2: Early Industry
Section 3: The Land of Cotton
Section 4: Growing
Sectionalism
Visual Summary
Can Economics Shape
Politics?
After the War of 1812, a new spirit of
nationalism took hold in American
society. New roads and canals
helped connect the country. Industry
developed in the North, while
agriculture based on slave labor grew
strong in the South. By the 1830s,
the two regions were increasingly at
odds with each other.
•
Why do you think roads and
canals helped build nationalism?
•
How did the economic differences
between North and South cause
tensions?
American Nationalism
Nationalism affected what
three aspects of U.S.
government?
Early Industry
What technologies
contributed to early
industry in America?
The Land of Cotton
What were the major
industries of the South?
Growing Sectionalism
How did the Missouri
Compromise address
growing sectionalism?
Big Ideas
Past and Present Increased national pride marked
the years following the War of 1812.
Content Vocabulary
• revenue tariff
• protective tariff
Academic Vocabulary
• interpret
• finalize
People and Events to Identify
• Era of Good Feelings
• John C. Calhoun
• Seminoles
• Adams-Onís Treaty
• Monroe Doctrine
Can you think of a time when you felt
extremely proud to be an American?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Economic Nationalism
The surge of nationalism and the
survival of only one political party
created an atmosphere in which some
economic proposals of the Federalists
were enacted.
President James Monroe
Economic Nationalism (cont.)
• After the War of 1812, a strong sense of national
pride swept the United States.
– The Columbian Centinel called this time the
“Era of Good Feelings.”
– During the last two years of James Madison’s
presidency, American launched an ambitious
program to bind the nation together.
Note: The program included creating a new
national bank, protecting American
manufacturers from foreign competition, and
building new canals and roads to improve
transportation and link the country together.
Economic Nationalism (cont.)
• Partisan infighting had largely ended in national
politics because the Federalist party collapsed
(1820) and only the Republicans remained.
• James Monroe was president
during this time.
Note: The Republicans began adopting some
Federalist principles.
Building the National Road, 1811–1838
Economic Nationalism (cont.)
Note: The charter of the First National Bank
expired in 1811 and the Republicans opposed
renewal. Without a national bank to control
currency, prices rose rapidly during the War of
1812. When the government borrowed money
to pay for the war, it had to pay high interest
rates on the loans.
• Due to problems that arose without a national
bank, John C. Calhoun introduced a bill
proposing the Second Bank of the United States.
• The bill passed in 1816.
Economic Nationalism (cont.)
Note: The legislation gave the bank the power
to issue notes that would serve as a national
currency and to control state banks.
• After the war, British goods flowed into the
U.S. at such low prices that they threatened
to put American manufacturers out of
business.
– Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816, a
protective tariff as opposed to a revenue
tariff.
Note: Road and canal construction took off by
private business and local and state
government.
The Republicans wanted to improve
what other aspect of the U.S. after the
War of 1812?
A. Housing
B. Transportation
C. Shopping
D. Education
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Judicial Nationalism
Under Chief justice John Marshall, the
Supreme Court issued decisions that
helped strengthen the national
government.
Chief Justice John Marshall
Judicial Nationalism (cont.)
• Between 1816 and 1824, the Supreme Court
issued rulings that established the
dominance of the nation over the states.
• Three important rulings by the Supreme
Court:
– Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee—the Court
decided that it had the authority to hear all
appeals of state court decisions in cases
involving federal statutes and treaties.
Judicial Nationalism (cont.)
– McCulloch v. Maryland—the Court ruled
that the Second Bank of the United States
was constitutional, even though the
Constitution did not specifically give
Congress the power to create one.
– It also ruled that taxing the national bank
was a form of interference and, therefore,
unconstitutional.
Judicial Nationalism (cont.)
– Gibbons v. Ogden—the Court ruled that the
monopoly controlling steamboat traffic in New
York, and thus New Jersey, was
unconstitutional.
Note: All these cases strengthened the power of
the federal government at the expense of the
states. Marshall’s opinions helped make the
“necessary and proper “clause and the
interstate commerce clause major vehicles for
expanding federal power.
Which case centered on the
“necessary and proper” clause?
A. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee
B. McCulloch v. Maryland
0%
C
A
C. Gibbons v. Ogden
B
A. A
B. B
C
0%C. 0%
Nationalist Diplomacy
The surge of national pride and
confidence after the War of 1812 led the
United States to push to expand its
borders.
General Andrew Jackson
Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)
• In the early 1800s, Spanish-held Florida was a
source of anger and frustration for Southerners.
– Many runaway slaves and Creek groups
retreated there—calling themselves
Seminoles.
Note: The Seminoles in Spanish Florida and
Americans in Georgia stages raids against
each other. Spain was unable to control the
border.
Nationalism and Diplomacy, 1818–1823
Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)
• After Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, Spain
finally gave in and ceded Florida to the U.S.
in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819.
• In 1809 rebellions began to erupt in Spain’s
colonies.
• By 1824, all of Spain’s colonies on the
American mainland had declared
independence. Spain’s once vast empire
had been reduced to three islands: Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo.
Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)
Note: A group of European countries (Great
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later
France) formed the Quadruple Alliance in an
effort to suppress movements against
monarchies in Europe.
• Over Britain’s objection, in 1822 the alliance
raised the possibility of helping Spain regain
control of the overseas colonies.
• Great Britain and the United States made a
great deal of money trading with Latin America
and did not want the Spanish to reassert control.
Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)
• In August 1823, British officials suggested that
the two nations issue a joint statement
supporting the independence of the new Latin
American countries.
• Secretary Adams urged Monroe to avoid
working with the British when dealing with Spain
and Russia.
• Secretary Adams did not want to be regarded as
Britain’s junior partner.
Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)
– In 1823, President Monroe proclaimed that the
American continents were “henceforth not to
be considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European power.”
– Later called the Monroe Doctrine, this
statement marked the beginning of a long-term
American policy of trying to prevent European
powers from interfering in Latin American
political affairs.
Note: The Monroe Doctrine upheld Washington’s
policy of avoiding entanglements in European
struggles.
Why did Andrew Jackson invade Florida?
A. The Spanish governor
threatened to attack Georgia.
D. To retrieve any runaway slaves
0%
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
A
C. Monroe wanted control of
Florida due to its gold supply.
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
B. Seminoles and Americans
living in Georgia were fighting.
Big Ideas
Science and Technology New manufacturing
techniques reshaped the way Americans worked.
Content Vocabulary
• free enterprise system
• labor union
• interchangeable parts
• strike
Academic Vocabulary
• transportation
• extraction
People and Events to Identify
• Erie Canal
• National Road
• Robert Fulton
• Industrial Revolution
• Francis C. Lowell
• Eli Whitney
• Samuel F. B. Morse
Do you feel that technological
advancements are necessary in order
for a society to grow?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
A Revolution in Transportation
New modes of transportation unified
the nation and strengthened its
economy.
A Revolution in Transportation (cont.)
• In the summer of 1817, work on the longest
canal in the nation—the Erie Canal—began.
– This project spurred a wave of canal
building throughout the country.
• As early as 1806, the nation took the first
steps toward a transportation revolution
when Congress funded the building of a
major east-west highway, the
National Road.
The Transportation Revolution, 1810–1840
A Revolution in Transportation (cont.)
Note: In 1811 laborers started cutting the roadbed
westward from the Potomac River at Cumberland,
Maryland. By 1818, the National Road would stretch to
Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia). Conestoga
Wagons drawn by teams of oxen or mules carried
migrating pioneers westward while livestock and
wagonloads traveled the opposite way to markets in the
east.
A Revolution in Transportation (cont.)
• The National Road turned out to be the only
federally funded transportation project because
Madison and his successors believe in the strict
construction of the Constitution and doubted that
the federal government had the power to fund
roads and other “internal improvements.”
President James Madison
A Revolution in Transportation (cont.)
– States, localities, and private businesses
took the initiative to build hundreds of
miles of toll roads.
• The steamboat changed river travel.
• Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston chugged
150 miles up the Hudson River in just 32 hours.
• Another mode of transportation – the railroad –
developed in the early 1800’s.
• Peter Cooper built the first American engine, Tom
Thumb, that pulled the nation’s first load of train
passengers.
A Revolution in Transportation (cont.)
• The advantage of the railroad was that it traveled
faster than stagecoaches or wagons and, unlike
steamboats, they could go nearly anywhere tracks
were laid.
• Railroads sped the settlement of the American
West and expanded trade more than any other
form of transportation during this time.
As railroads expanded, the need for
which two goods increased
dramatically?
A. Iron and silver
B. Coal and gasoline
C. Iron and coal
D. Gold and silver
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
A New System of Production
A revolution in manufacturing —the
Industrial Revolution—dramatically
changed the American economy and
way of life.
Eli Whitney
A New System of Production (cont.)
• The Industrial Revolution, which began in
Great Britain in the mid-1700s, consisted of
several basic developments:
– Manufacturing shifted from hand tools to
large, complex machines.
– Skilled artisans gave way to often unskilled
workers, organized by specific tasks.
– Factories replaced home-based
workshops.
– Manufacturers sold their wares nationwide
or abroad instead of just locally
A New System of Production (cont.)
• Industry developed quickly in the U.S. due to the
American free enterprise system.
• The free enterprise system also encouraged
industrialization because companies in
competition with each other were willing to
experiment with new technologies to make good
cheaper and to transport them more quickly.
• Beginnings in the 1830’s, many states
encouraged industrialization by passing general
incorporation laws.
• Industrialization began in the Northeast, where
many streams and rivers could provide mills with
waterpower.
A New System of Production (cont.)
• Importing British technology was not easy in the
late 1700’s. Britain had passed strict laws
making it illegal to share industrial technology
with foreigners.
• Samuel Slater , an English textile worker, illegally
would sneak out of Great Britain and bring the
secrets of the Industrial Revolution to a wealthy
merchant, Moses Brown, in Rhode Island.
• The American textile industry took a huge step
forward when entrepreneur Francis C. Lowell
began opening a series of mills in northeast
Massachusetts in 1814.
A New System of Production (cont.)
• A wave of inventions and technological
innovations further spurred the nation’s
industrial growth.
– Eli Whitney—most famous for inventing
the cotton gin—also popularized the
concept of interchangeable parts,
transforming gun-making from a one-byone process into a factory process.
A New System of Production (cont.)
• Communications improved as well.
– American inventor Samuel F. B. Morse began
work on the telegraph in 1832 and developed
the Morse code for sending messages.
Note: By 1844 the first long-distance telegraph
line connected Washington D.C. And
Baltimore. Morse publicly demonstrated the
device, tapping out the words “What hath God
wrought?” From Baltimore came a reply “What
is the news from Washington?”
A New System of Production (cont.)
• Spurred by the demands of journalists and other
businesses that needed quick reliable
communications with distant markets, more than
50,000 miles of telegraph wire connected most
parts of the country by 1860.
• Many city populations doubled or tripled during
this time because of industrialization.
• The publishing industry grew to meet demand for
reading materials.
• Sarah Buell Hale and Lydia Howard Huntley
Sigourney were leading editors and literary
figures.
A New System of Production (cont.)
• Factory workers numbered 1.3 million
by 1860.
– Hoping to improve working conditions,
some workers began to join together in
labor unions.
– Unions had little success during this
time—they had little power or money to
support strikes to achieve their goals.
A New System of Production (cont.)
Note: Unions did make some gains.
• In 1840, Martin Van Buren showed his gratitude
for labor’s political support by reducing the
workday for federal employees to 10 hours.
• Two years later, in Commonwealth v. Hunt, the
Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that union
strikes were legal
By 1844, the first long-distance telegraph
line connected which two cities?
A. Washington D.C.
and Philadelphia
B. Philadelphia and
Baltimore
C. Baltimore and
Washington D.C.
D. Philadelphia and Boston
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
Life in the North
The rise of industrialization and the
growth of cities led to change and
reform in American society.
Life in the North (cont.)
• The population growth in urban centers
provided many challenges to city leaders.
• Some of the problems in cities included:
– crime
– fires
– unsanitary conditions
– disease
– overcrowding
Wealth Distribution in
Boston, 1833
Life in the North (cont.)
Note: To combat rising crime and frequent labor
riots, many cities established police
departments. Professional fire departments
began to develop in cities during this period.
Unsanitary urban conditions led to diseases
such as cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever.
Water supplies were made safe only after
medical advances in the latter nineteenth
century.
Life in the North (cont.)
• Until the 1850s, public schools did not exist in
many cities, or attendance was not mandatory.
• Northern cities became havens for runaway
slaves as well as free African Americans, but
most African Americans remained poor.
• Many African American women worked as
domestic servants, as maids, or laundresses.
Many African American men found work in New
England’s shipping industry, as sailors or dock
workers. In larger cities, a small African American
middle class developed, including carpenters,
shoemakers, school teachers, and ministers.
Life in the North (cont.)
• Even though industry and cities expanded in the
Northeast during the first half of the nineteenth
century, agriculture remained the country’s leading
economic activity.
• On most farms, the entire family shared the work.
• Northern farmers produced enough to sell their
surplus in the growing Eastern cities and towns.
Note: As parts of the North began concentrating on
manufacturing, the South continued to tie its
fortunes to agriculture – and to the institution of
slavery.
Education was equally available for
boys and girls.
A. True
B. False
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Big Ideas
Science and Technology The invention of the cotton
gin made cotton a key part of the South’s economy and
ensured that slavery continued to shape the South’s
society and culture.
Content Vocabulary
• cotton gin
• task system
• yeoman farmer
Academic Vocabulary
• annual
• ambiguous
People and Events to Identify
• Frederick Douglass
• Gabriel Prosser
• Nat Turner
Do you feel that there are lessons to
be learned from America’s history of
slavery?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Southern Economy
The cotton gin made cotton the most
important cash crop in the South and
deepened the region’s dependency on
enslaved labor.
The Southern Economy (cont.)
• Cotton was grown in a wide belt stretching from
inland South Carolina, west through Georgia,
Alabama, and Mississippi, and into eastern
Texas.
• During a visit to the South in 1793, Eli Whitney,
the inventive young New Englander, noticed that
removing cotton seeds by hand from the fluffy
bolls was so tedious that it took a worker an
entire day to separate a pound of cotton lin.
• In only 10 days, Whitney built a simple cotton gin
that quickly and efficiently combed the seeds out
of cotton.
The Southern Economy (cont.)
Note: The cotton gin pulled the cotton through a
rotating cylinder with openings that were too
small for the seeds to pass through.
• The invention of the cotton gin happened at the
same time that textile mills were expanding in
Europe.
The Southern Economy (cont.)
• After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin,
the South increased its cotton production
from 6,000 to 100,000 bales annually.
Note: Cotton soon dominated the region.
– By 1860 production reached almost 4
million bales.
• While the cotton gin made some Southern
planters rich, it also strengthened the
institution of slavery.
Cotton Production in the South
The Southern Economy (cont.)
Note: The spread of cotton plantations across the
Deep South made the demand for slave labor
skyrocket.
The Southern Economy (cont.)
– Between 1820 and 1850, the number of people
who were enslaved in the South rose from
about 1.5 million to nearly 4 million.
• Although the South became prosperous from
agriculture, it did not industrialize as quickly as
the North.
Note: The South remained a region of rural villages
and plantations with only three large cities:
Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans.
Industry such as coal, iron, salt, and copper mines,
as well as ironworks and textile mills existed in
the South.
Which of the following was not a
large city in the South?
A. Baltimore
B. Charleston
C. New Orleans
D. Savannah
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Society in the South
In contrast to the North, the South had
a rigid social class system dominated
by a planter elite.
Drayton Plantation, South Carolina
Society in the South (cont.)
• The economy of the South resulted in a
society with a rigid and clearly defined class
structure.
• The following classes existed:
– Planter elite—the smallest group, but the
most influential
– Yeoman farmers—most of the white
population
Slaveholding in the South
Society in the South (cont.)
– White, rural poor—less than 10 percent of
the white population
– African Americans—93 percent were
enslaved
• There was also a small urban class of
lawyers, doctors, merchants, and other
professionals.
Which percentage of the South did
not own slaves?
A. 5 percent
B. 25 percent
C. 56 percent
D. 64 percent
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Slavery
Enslaved African Americans had no
legal rights; resistance and rebellion
were two ways of coping with
enslavement.
Slavery (cont.)
• The overwhelming majority of enslaved African
Americans toiled in the South’s fields.
• Other enslaved African Americans worked in the
few industrial plants or as skilled workers, such
as blacksmiths, carpenters, and coopers. Some
enslaved African Americans became house
servants.
• Enslaved people had few legal rights. State
slave codes took away the following rights.
Slavery (cont.)
Rights Taken Away by State Slave Codes:
• Enslaved African Americans were not allowed to
own property.
• They could not bring a lawsuit or sign a contract.
• They could not possess firearms or testify in
court against a white person.
• Laws also banned enslaved African Americans
from learning to read and write.
Note: Southern Society during this period viewed
enslaved persons as property.
Slavery (cont.)
Why do you think this signs like this were common in the
South during the antebellum period?
Slavery (cont.)
• Enslaved African Americans working in the
fields were organized using two basic labor
systems.
– On farms and small plantations that held few
enslaved people, the task system was used.
– Slaveholders who owned large plantations
adopted the gang system of labor. Under this
system, enslaved person labored from sunup
to sundown – plowing, planting, cultivating, or
picking, depending on the season.
Slavery in America, 1800–1860
Slavery (cont.)
• Frederick Douglass, who rose from slavery to
become a prominent leader of the antislavery
movement, wrote a book entitled Narrative of the
Life of Frederick Douglass.
• African American women did not have an easier
time than men as enslaved people. They worked
long, hard days in the fields or in the plantation
house, where they served as maids, nannies, or
cooks.
• As soon as young enslaved children were able,
they were given chores. They were not allowed
to attend school.
An Economy Built on Enslaved Labor, c. 1850
Slavery (cont.)
• Although most African Americans of the time
lived in slavery, some did not.
– By 1850, some 225,000 free African Americans
resided in the South.
Free African Americans for the following
reasons:
- Descendants of African Americans before the
slave system became universal.
-Fought in the Revolution and earned their
freedom
-Freed by slaveholder or bought their freedom.
Slavery (cont.)
– The experiences of freed African Americans
differed from state to state, making their
position in Southern Society ambiguous.
– Some were successful enough to own slaves
themselves.
Note: One such African American was Cecee
McCarty, who amassed a fortune in New
Orleans by retailing imported dry goods. She
eventually had a sales force of 32 enslaved
African Americans who she sent across the
state to sell her wares.
Slavery (cont.)
• Another 196,000 free African Americans lived in
the North, where slavery had been outlawed.
• Africans Americans in the North were not
accepted into white society.
• Free African Americans could organize their own
churches and voluntary associations, and
publish newspapers, as well as earn money
from the jobs they held.
• James Forten became a wealthy sailmaker from
Philadelphia. He devoted much of his wealth to
the cause of abolishing slavery.
Slavery (cont.)
• African Americans dealt with the horrors of
slavery in a variety of ways:
– songs
– religion
– resistance
– rebellion
Slavery (cont.)
• The first major slave uprising in the U.S.
occurred in 1800 and was organized by an
enslaved man named Gabriel Prosser.
– He and his men (34) were caught and hanged.
In 1822 Denmark Vesey, a free African American
was accused of planning a revolt in South
Carolina to free the region’s slaves. Whether he
actually planned an uprising is not known but he
was convicted and hanged.
Slavery (cont.)
• A group of African Americans in Virginia, led by
Nat Turner, carried out an armed uprising on
August 22, 1831. Turner was an enslaved
minister who believed God had chosen him to
bring his people out of bondage. They killed more
than 50 white people before state and local troops
put down the uprising.
Under which system were slaves
given a specific set of jobs to
accomplish everyday?
A. Task system
B. Gang system
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Big Ideas
Government and Society The rise of a new political
party represented a disagreement between those who
wanted to expand federal power and those who
wanted to limit it.
John Quincy Adams
Content Vocabulary
• favorite son
• mudslinging
• corrupt bargain
Academic Vocabulary
• controversy
• ignorance
People and Events to Identify
• Missouri Compromise
• Henry Clay
• William Crawford
• American System
Do you agree that compromise is an
important tool?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise tried to
resolve, at least temporarily, the
growing disagreement between
Northern and Southern states over the
issue of slavery.
The Missouri Compromise (cont.)
• In 1819 the Union consisted of 11 free and 11
slave states.
• Missouri’s entrance into the union would tip the
balance between free and slave states.
• James Tallmadge Jr. of New York proposed a
resolution that prohibited slaveholders from
bringing new slaves into Missouri. The
resolution also called for all enslaved children
currently living in Missouri to be freed at 25.
• The House accepted the proposal, but the
Senate rejected it.
The Missouri Compromise (cont.)
• The Missouri Compromise provided the
following solution to the problem of slave states
versus free states:
– Maine would be admitted to the Union as a
free state.
– Missouri would be admitted as a slave state.
– Slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana
Purchase territory north of
Missouri’s southern border.
The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise (cont.)
• By a very close vote, carefully managed by
Henry Clay of Kentucky, the House voted to
accept the Compromise.
• A new controversy developed when pro
slavery members of the Missouri
constitutional convention added a clause to a
proposed state constitution prohibiting free
African Americans from entering the state.
• Clay again engineered a solution by getting
the Missouri legislature to state that they
would not honor the spirit of the clause’s
wording.
The Missouri Compromise (cont.)
• Despite Clay’s efforts, many leaders
feared that the Missouri Compromise was
a temporary solution.
Henry Clay
Pro-slavery members of the Missouri constitutional
convention added which of the following clauses to
the proposed state constitution?
A. Free African-Americans
must leave Missouri.
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
D. All of the above
0%
A
C. No slave in Missouri could
ever be granted his or her freedom.
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
B. Free African-Americans
could not enter Missouri.
The Elections of 1824 and 1828
The presidential elections of 1824 and
1828 highlighted the growing
sectionalism in the nation.
The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.)
• Four candidates ran for President in 1824,
all of whom belonged to the Republican
Party and were “favorite sons.”
• The four candidates were:
– Henry Clay—he favored the American
System: He represented the West.
– Andrew Jackson; He was also from the West.
– John Quincy Adams: He represented the
Northeast.
– William Crawford: He represented the South.
The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.)
• On election day, Jackson won the popular
vote but did not receive a majority of the
Electoral College. Clay threw his support
behind John Q. Adams and the House
elected him.
• After John Quincy Adams was elected; he
made Clay his secretary of state.
– They were accused on striking a “corrupt
bargain,” but denied this charge.
– Two parties—the Democrats and the
National Republicans—then formed.
The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.)
• Adams announced an ambitious program of
nationalist legislation, but Congress only
granted him funds for improving rivers and
harbors and for extending the National Road
westward.
• Adams and Jackson ran against each other
in the election of 1828.
– Both candidates engaged in mudslinging.
– Jackson was elected this time.
Which two candidates in the election
of 1824 represented the South?
A. Clay and Jackson
B. Adams and Crawford
C. Adams and Clay
D. Jackson and Adams
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Effects of Nationalism
Economic Nationalism
• Second Bank of the United States
is created.
• Tariff of 1816 is passed to protect
the nation’s industries.
• The federal government funds the National Road, and
states fund other roads and canals, helping to tie the
nation together.
Effects of Nationalism (cont.)
Judicial Nationalism
• In Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee,
Supreme Court asserts right to
hear appeals from state courts in
cases involving federal law.
• In McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court establishes
that the “necessary and proper” clause has broad
meaning and that the federal government is supreme in
its own sphere.
• In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court gives the
federal government broad power to regulate interstate
commerce.
Effects of Nationalism (cont.)
Nationalism in Foreign Policy
• Andrew Jackson invades Florida;
Spain cedes the territory to the
United States in 1819.
• The United States issues the
Monroe Doctrine, telling Europeans they may no longer
colonize the Americas.
Causes of Sectionalism
Life in the North
•
Construction of canals, roads, and railroads
is widespread.
•
Development of steam engine leads to the
first railroads and extensive use of
steamboats.
•
Industrialization begins, and factories begin
to be built to manufacture textiles and other
goods.
•
Large cities develop as does an urban
working class.
•
Northern farmers live on individual family
farms.
Causes of Sectionalism (cont.)
Life in the South
•
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin makes cotton
production with slave labor feasible; cotton
becomes main product of the South.
•
Southern society is generally divided into
elite planters, yeoman farmers, and enslaved
African Americans.
•
Enslaved Americans generally live on
plantations helping to plant and harvest
cotton, rice, and sugarcane, although some
are employed in other industries.
•
A distinct African American culture develops
among the enslaved who develop many
strategies to cope with and resist slavery.
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ANSWER: Most rural
and small-town men
believed Jackson
would best represent
their interests. He was
a hero and he
identified himself as a
common man.
revenue tariff
tax on imports for the purpose of
raising money
protective tariff
tax on imports designed to protect
American manufacturers
interpret
to explain the meaning of complex
material
finalize
to put in finished form
free enterprise system
market economy in which privately
owned businesses have the freedom
to operate for a profit with limited
government intervention
interchangeable parts
uniform pieces that can be made in
large quantities to replace other
identical pieces
labor union
an organization of workers formed for
the purpose of advancing its
members’ interests
strike
work stoppage by workers to force an
employer to meet demands
transportation
method of travel from one place to
another
extraction
the act or process of drawing or
pulling something out
cotton gin
a machine that removed seeds from
cotton fiber
yeoman farmer
owner of a small farm with four or
fewer enslaved persons, and usually
none
task system
a method of organizing enslaved
labor wherein workers were given a
specific set of jobs to accomplish
every day, after which they were
allowed to spend their time as they
chose
annual
occurring or happening every year
ambiguous
to lack a definitive purpose
favorite son
men who enjoyed the support of
leaders from their own state and
region
corrupt bargain
an illegitimate agreement between
politicians
mudslinging
attempt to ruin an opponent’s
reputation with insults
controversy
a prolonged public dispute
ignorance
the state of being uneducated,
uninformed, or unaware
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