HYDRAULICS
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Water is not only important for human beings but for all
living creatures. It is the material that makes possible to
maintain one’s life and additionally it is used in:
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Industry
Cleaning (both for humans and environment)
Fire control
….
For having a healthy life and keeping the standards of
living, the required amount and quality of water should
be supplied. For this reason, the civil engineers and
other researchers in many disciplines should study on
water science.
As vital for human life, the construction of water
structures goes back to ancient times. The oldest water
structure is not known. The oldest water structures
known are located in Mesopotamia, central Asia,
Egypt, India and China, the irrigation systems in the
vicinity of main rivers. Also the Roman aqueducts,
Persian channels, Arabian wells are also known.
Yerebatan Cistern; the biggest cistern
in İstanbul and has been built by
Justinyen I (527-565), to provide water
to the places around.
Binbirdirek Cistern
The second biggest cistern in
İstanbul. Has been built in 4th
Century but dried as time passes
and has been used as a studio
since 16th century.
Cebeci Aqueduct, has been built by Mimar Sinan in between 15541563 to provide water for İstanbul. It is still standing. The height is 30 m.
Mağlova Aqueduct in Kemerburgaz. It was also used for providing water
for İstanbul.
Water resources engineering
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We have to know
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where to find the water
How much water is located there
What is the quality of the water at that location
Being a developed country means finding the required
amount of water at the required place at the required
quality.
Water resources engineering includes the design,
construction and management of the structures for,
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Water usage,
Water control
Water management
Water engineering
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beginning for big water structures a very
detailed preliminary work including the followings
should be performed:
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The most proper place for the project
All possible alternatives
Technical feasibility
Material opportunities
Economical conditions
Staff needs
Required budget
Hydrology
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Hydrology: “An earth science, that deals with the water on Earth: its
occurrence, distribution, movement both on and under the surface,
properties with their change in time and geographic location, as
well as its relationship with the environment.”
We have to determine how much water we need and how much
we have!! before design of the project.
If we have not enough water, we have to obtain it from the
neighboring basins.
Hydrologic cycle
 Hydraulic
engineering can be examined
in three categories:
 Water
usage,
 Water control,
 Water quality and management
Water usage
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The first issue in water usage is providing water to the residential
areas. For this reason, to store water, reservoirs should be build.
To transmit water to users, pipes, channels or tunnels should be
built.
At this age, we use electricity very frequently. The hydroelectric
power plants are one of the most popular power generating
structures. For this reason we have to construct dams on the
rivers.
In order to increase productivity in agriculture, irrigation systems
should be constructed.
In addition to these, water is also used in recreation areas.
Water control
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As a result of heavy rains or melting of snow, the water
amount in the rivers may increase excessively and
floods occur. They result in s significant amount of loss in
property and casualties. Earthquakes are the first
natural disaster that comes to mind. However, floods
may be as dangerous as earthquakes sometimes. It is
not possible to prevent the floods totally but we have
to decrease their damages to minimum. For this reason,
some structural precautions such as dams can be built.
The sewer system can be built properly.
The settlement in urban areas make the leakage of rain
to the ground difficult and this results in urban floods. To
prevent this, a drainage system that collects to the rain
water should be constructed.
The excess water should also be drained at the
highways, airports and irrigation areas. For this reason
small dams or levees can be constructed.
Water quality
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water is becoming dirtier day by day, its quality
is getting more important.
 The water required for drinking and the one
required for irrigation is not need to be in the
same quality. The requirement of quality of water
depends on its area of usage.
 We have to control water pollution and prevent it.
We have to purify water physically, chemically
and biologically. It is a must for not only today but
also for the future.
Main problems
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The problems in hydraulic engineering depends on
topography, geology and hydrology of the specific
area. So it depends on where you are.
For this reason, a water structure that you are going to
built in an area cannot be constructed somewhere
else.
There are lots of unknowns such as rainfall, flow,
evaporation and etc. These unknowns all change the
calculations. So it is not possible to have a typical
prototype Project.
To be on the safe side, the water structures are
generally built with higher factor of safeties than
required.
They are mainly big projects that may cover a huge
area (basin) or sometimes the country as a whole.
Main problems
 How
much water we need?
 How much we have?
 Who will use the water?
Hydromechanics
1. Flow in Closed Conduits
2. Open Channel Flow
Flow in Closed Conduits
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General Characteristics of Flow in Closed Conduits
Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits
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Friction loss in pipes
Laminar&Turbulent flow in pipes
Friction factor and Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Moody Chart
Flow in Closed Conduits
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Computation of Flow in Single Pipes
• Calculation of head loss
• Calculation of discharge
• Determination of pipe diameter
• Determination of friction factor
Flow in Closed Conduits
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Pipeline Systems
• Pipes in series & parallel
• Branching pipes, junctions
• Network Solutions
• Gravity Pipelines
Network Systems
Open Channel Flow
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General Characteristics of Open Channel Flow
Uniform Flow Concept
• Chezy&Manning Formulas
• Composite&Compound Sections
• Uniform Flow Computations
Open Channel Flow
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Specific Energy Concept and Critical Flow
• Specific Energy
• Critical Flow
• Network Solutions
• Channel transitions and chocking problems
Open Channel Flow
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Rapidly Vaired Flow
• Specific force
• Hydraulic Jump
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Gradually Varied Flow
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Design of Open Channels for Uniform Flow
Precipitation in Turkey
Precipitation in Turkey
Average annual precipitation:
• on land surfaces of the Earth ~ 800 mm,
• in Anica (Chile) ~ 0.5 mm,
• in Mt. Waialeale (Hawaii) ~ 11680 mm,
• in Turkey ~ 643 mm.
Is Turkey a water rich country?
Streamflow
 Streams are easiest way to get clean (absence of salinity and
contamination) water.
 Most important element of the hydrologic cycle for hydrologist
because only element which can reasonably be measured
accurately.
Characteristics:
Volume for a certain duration
(day, month, year)
Extreme values
(flood or drought)
Streamflow in Turkey
Streamflow in Turkey
Reservoirs
Used for;
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Domestic water supply,
Irrigation,
Electricity production,
Flood mitigation,
Navigation,
Recreation
Design of a Hydraulic Structure
Hydrologic
Design
Hydraulic Design
Structural Design
Hydrologic Design is generally the most important as it
determines the design magnitudes related to the
structures. Upon investigating historic failures of
hydraulic structures, nearly 90% of the failures were due
to errors or omissions in the hydrologic design step.
Applications:
 Dam
Projects
Atatürk Dam
Keban Dam
Applications:
 Network
Projects
 Irrigation Projects
Irrigation Tunnels
Dams
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Structures that are built to collect water are generally called
DAMs.
Main usage areas of dams:
• Urban water need
• Factories
• Generating power from hydraulic power
• Storage of irrigation water
• Preventing floods
Types of Dams
 Gravity
dams
 Arch dams
 Buttress dams
 Embankment dams
Dams (Gravity)
Keban Dam
Concrete(gravity)+ Rock
On Euphrates
Dams (Arch)
DERİNER DAM
On Çoruh River
Height: 249m (highest in
Turkey and 6th in the
world)
Dams (Buttress)
İstanbul Elmalı Dam
Dams (Embankment)
ATATÜRK DAM
On Euphrates
6th in the world in
the embankment
volume
Biggest in Europe
and Turkey
Coastal and Harbor Engineering
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Management of National/International Coastal Areas: Legislative
regulations and Applications
Sea and Coast Hydrodynamics:
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3.
Wind, wave, stream, tides.
Wave-structure interaction.
Lagoons.
River mouths.
Sand transportation, erosion and so on.
Changes in sea shore.
Sea pollution.
Tsunami.
Global warming and increase in water level.
Planning of coast and sea structures
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Harbors: industrial port, marinas, fishing ports and etc.
Moorings
Piers
Jetties
Submarine pipelines
Submerges tube tunnels
Deep sea platforms
Coastal Structures