Earth Observations to reduce major
diseases caused by air pollution,
water and sanitation and poor
urban infrastructure
Dr Carlos Dora
Coordinator
Department of Public Health and Environment
Key messages for mini-campaign
1|
Public health and environment
This presentation: AP
• Air Pollution causes important risk to health
• Public health programmes have not focused on AP
• WHA resolution calls for better data, evidence of effective
interventions, communications and demand for solutions
• Capacity building for health sector to estimate health
benefits from policies in polluting sectors. Track health
gains of policy change
• SDG 3 and 7 – requires AP data
• EO: need for higher resolution geographic temporal
variation (cities, roads, agriculture burning, industry…)
• To provide more precise estimates of AP over time,
location, and help track impact of policy changes
2|
Public health and environment
Worldwide NCDs are the main cause
of death
2 in 3 deaths are from NCDs
Cardiovascular disease, mainly heart
disease, stroke
Cancer
Chronic respiratory diseases
Diabetes
Injuries
Costs: Trillions of U$ dollars
3|
Public health and environment
Currently public health programmes to
reduce NCDs consider only other major
risk factors:
•
•
•
•
4|
Tobacco
Physical inactivity
Diet (fat, sugar, fiber…)
Excess use of alcohol
Public health and environment
New evidence over the last 10 years: AP is
a major risk to NCDs
Substantial new evidence showing that particles smaller than 2.5mm
penetrate deep into the lungs and effect the body more systematically
leading to diseases like stroke, heart disease, in addition to the
cancers, COPD and pneumonia/URLI.
PM<10mm – Coarse
PM<2.5mm – Fine
PM<1mm – Ultrafine
5|
Public health and environment
Medgadget .com
Lungs exposed to tobacco and to Indoor air
pollution
Pathology slides - Courtesy Prof. Saldiva, São Paulo, Brazil
6|
Public health and environment
“Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution -
REVIHAAP”, WHO 2013
selected conclusions on PM (A1)
Confirm and strengthen results form the 2005 WHO Guidelines on
Air Quality and Health.
–New studies on short- and long-term effects;
–Long-term exposures to PM2.5 are a cause of
cardiovascular mortality and morbidity;
–More insight on physiological effects and plausible
biological mechanisms linking short- and long-term PM2.5
exposure with mortality and morbidity;
–Studies linking long-term exposure to PM2.5 to several new
health outcomes (e.g. atherosclerosis, adverse birth
outcomes, childhood respiratory disease).
7|
Public health and environment
LAQN Seminar, London, 21 June
2013
7
Meta-analysis of the association between long-term
exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality
Study
Pub.
year
RR (95%CI) %
per 10 µg/m3 weight
2002
2007
Hoek et al, EnvHealth 2013
8
2008
2011
2011
2011
2012
2013
2012
2011
8|
1.00
1.15
LAQN Seminar, London, 21 June
Public health and environment
2013
2.00
Mortality and long-term exposure to PM2.5
Results of a cohort study in Rome
(1.3 million adults followed from
2001 to 2010)
Cesaroni et al. EHP 2013
PM2.5: 3-dimensional Eulerian model (1x1 km)
c= % increase in risk per 10
µg/m3
c=4%
AQG
9|
c=6%
c=10
%
EU LV
Public health and environment
LAQN Seminar, London, 21 June 2013
9
% change
in artery wall
thickness
Carotid artery wall thickness (=risk of atherosclerosis)
and long-term PM2.5 exposure
AQG
Home outdoor PM2.5 (µg/m3) EU LV
Heinz Nixdorf RECALL study, Ruhr region, Germany
10 |
Public health and environment
LAQN Seminar, London, 21 June
2013
10 2010
Bauer et al, JACC
Long term O3 exposure and risk of
death due to respiratory causes
ACS cohort of 448 thousand adults followed for 18 years
RR per 10 ppb = 1.040 (95% CI
1.010 - 1.067)
(2-pollutant model with O3 and
PM2.5)
11 |
Public health and environment
LAQN Seminar, London, 21 June
2013
Jerrett et al, NEJM 2009
11
Short-term exposure to ozone, mortality and hospital
admissions
European cities in the APHENA study
Per cent increase in deaths/admissions (95% CI)
per 10 µg/m3 increment in daily maximum
1-hour ozone concentrations
Single pollutant
Adjusted for PM10
Outcome
All-cause mortality a
0.18 (0.07–0.30)
0.21 (0.10–0.31)
Cardiovascular mortality: 75
years and older a
Cardiovascular mortality:
younger than 75 years a
0.22 (0.00–0.45)
0.21 (-0.01–0.43)
0.35 (0.12–0.58)
0.36 (0.10–0.62)
Respiratory mortality b
0.19 (-0.06–0.45)
0.21 (-0.08–0.50)
Cardiac admissions: older than
65 years a
-0.10 (-0.46–0.27)
0.64 (0.36–0.91)
Respiratory admissions: older
than 65 years b
0.19 (-0.28–0.67)
0.32 (0.05–0.60)
a lag
12 |
0-1 results; b lag 1 results
Public health and environment
LAQN Seminar, London, 21 June
2013
Katsouyanni et al 2009
12
IARC 2012 finding: Diesel a carcinogen
LONDON/GENEVA (Reuters) - The air we breathe is laced with
cancer-causing substances and is being officially classified as
carcinogenic to humans, the World Health Organization's cancer
agency said on Thursday.
13 |
Public health and environment
Ischemic and thrombotic effects of diluted diesel
exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart
disease
Mills et al, NEJM 2007
Myocardial ischemia during 15-minute
exercise-induced stress and exposure to
diesel exhaust or filtered air in 20
subjects
14 |
Public health and environment
14
More complete estimates of exposure to air
pollution from Satellite Remote Sensing, air
transport models and ground monitors
15 |
Public health and environment
Estimating Burden of Disease and Death
due to exposure to air pollution (and other
risks to health)
Burden of disease is estimated from:
1. Air pollution concentrations & human exposure
2. Evidence from epidemiology about the health impacts of
air pollution
1.
2.
Diseases affected
Disease response to levels of AP (dose-response curves)
3. Baseline disease rates
16 |
Public health and environment
Estimates of outdoor air pollution exposures
used by WHO for BOD estimates
Brings together existing data from:
1. Satellite remote sensing (sparsely covereed areas)
2.Urban ground monitoring stations – pollutant
concentrations
3. Estimates of air pollution levels based on emissions
from sectors (e.g. transport, industry, power production,
etc.)
Mathematical models - combining information from monitoring, from
satellite remote sensing, chemical transport models to fill gaps and improve
estimates
17 |
Public health and environment
Deaths attributed to HAP + Outdoor Air
Pollution
~ 7 million deaths globally in 2012
AP a main RF for around 1/5 of NCDs
18 |
Public health and environment
3.7 million deaths were attributed to
ambient air pollution exposure in 2012
Breakdown of by disease
~21 % of all deaths from
ischaemic heart disease (IHD)
~23% of all deaths due to stroke
~13 % of all deaths to chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
19 |
Public health and environment
First World Health
Assembly Resolution on
Air Pollution and Health
7 million deaths a year due to household and
ambient air pollution
20 |
Public health and environment
The resolution:
• key role health authorities in raising awareness about
the potential to save lives and reduce health costs, if air
pollution is addressed effectively.
• Need for strong cooperation between different sectors
and integration of health concerns into all national,
regional and local air pollution-related policies.
• It urges Member States to develop air quality
monitoring systems and health registries to improve
surveillance for all illnesses related to air pollution;
• It urges Member States to strengthen international
transfer of expertise, technologies and scientific data
in the field of air pollution.
21 |
Public health and environment
to create, enhance and update, in cooperation with relevant United Nations
agencies and programs a public information tool of WHO analysis, including
policy and cost-efficiency aspects, of specific and available clean air
technologies to address the prevention and control of air pollution, and its
impacts on health;
Asks the
WHO
raise awareness of the public health risks of air pollution and
the multiple benefits of Improved air quality, in particular in
the context of the discussions on the post- 2015 development
agenda
advise and support tools to assist the health and other
sectors at all levels of government, especially the local level and in urban
areas, taking into account different sources of pollution in tackling air
pollution and their health effects;
22 |
collaborate, as appropriate, with relevant international, regional and
national stakeholders, to compile and analyse data on air
quality, with particular emphasis on health
Public health and environment
related aspects of air quality
Goal 11
Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient and sustainable.
Target 11.7
23 |
By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental
impact of cities, including by paying special attention to
air quality, municipal and other waste management.
SDG 11: cities
Target
indicator
11.7
Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (i.e.
PM2.5) air pollution in cities (population weighted)
Public health and environment
SDG 7: Energy
Goal 7
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all
Target 7.1
By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable
and modern energy services
Target
Indicator
7.1
7.1.1 Percentage of population with electricity access
7.1.2 Percentage of population with primary
reliance on clean fuels and technologies at the
household level*
24 |
Public health and environment
Recommendation 4:
– Household combustion of kerosene is
discouraged
Rationale:
– High levels of emissions of PM and other
health-damaging emissions.
– Epidemiologic studies suggest links to
tuberculosis, cancer, respiratory disease,
adverse birth outcomes, etc., but are not
of adequate consistency/quality.
– Kerosene use carries substantial risks of
burns and poisoning.
25 |
Public health and environment
SDG 3: Health
Goal 3
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
at all ages
Target 3.9
By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and
illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil
pollution from contamination.
Target
Proposed Indicator
3.9
3.9.1. Mean levels of exposure to air pollution (population
weighted) OR deaths and diseases due to air pollution
26 |
Public health and environment
Urban Air Quality Data (WHO)
1600 cities, but sparse coverage for Africa, Latin America, Middle East
– no coverage in rural areas
27 |
Public health and environment
Satellite Remote Sensing
28 |
Public health and environment
29 |
Public health and environment
Found: discrepancy in satellite estimates for urban areas in
developing countries
Modelled data
30 |
Public health and environment
Ground monitors
31 |
Public health and environment
32 |
Public health and environment
Created: Global Platform on Air Quality
and Health
•
•
•
•
•
To ensure best estimates of human exposure to air pollution will continue to
be regularly available for Burden of Disease estimates, as well as to ensure
accountability, transparency and wide access of these results worldwide.
Established in January 2014,
A wide collaboration with international agencies including UNECE, WMO,
UNEP, JRC, IIASA, World Bank, space research agencies (e.g. NASA,
JAXA), as well as national agencies and research institutions.
Yearly meetings to update on progress and results.
Task forces to provide improvements in methods and outputs from one year
to the next.
First year
– improvements in data integration and statistical fusion, (using data from
monitors, atmospheric transport models and satellite remote sensing).
– First database of source apportionment studies (n=500)
33 |
Public health and environment
Second year:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Data fusion: Global air quality data as a result of fusion from various data sources,
report on progress and work ahead,
Emission sources information, including from emission inventories and source
apportionment
Exposure-risk relationship: Integrated dose-response functions that relate levels of
air pollution indoors and outdoors to a range of diseases, report on progress and work
ahead.
Surface monitoring: key air pollution indicators to be monitored, minimum data sets
for health purposes; systematic data collection and display;
Automated Data acquisition, portable monitors etc. quality of outputs form different
sources,
Household air pollution: exposure assessment, progress in IAP data, availability of
exposure data from Europe
New task forces proposed:
•
•
•
•
34 |
Data fusion and synthesis – further improvements
Models for integrating Household and Ambient Air Polluton exposure estimates
Guidance on the collection of ground measurement data.
Guidance on source apportionment studies.
Public health and environment
Recommendations for Satellite remote sensing
•To strengthen satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates used by the Global Platform, the following steps are
recommended:
•Proceed towards higher spatial resolution of estimates (e.g. using satellites MODIS with 1-3 km
resolution, MISR with 4 km, and eventually VIIRS with 750m resolution);
•Use more accurate and precise retrievals (e.g. through MODIS Collection 6);
•More fully incorporate active measurements (e.g. through CALIOP space-borne lidar);
•Use measurements with higher temporal resolution to estimate annual mean more accurately (e.g. from
geostationary satellites);
•Endorse and foster the collocation of AOD and surface PM2.5 measurements (e.g. through SPARTAN
project and other networks);
•Develop related information on NO2 and other pollution species (e.g. using the TROPOMI instrument
onboard the Sentinel-5 precursor satellite with 7km resolution after expected launch in 2015);
•Build on expertise from space agencies to increase data continuity;
•Consider modifications of the estimating procedures to account for urban increment;
•Consider using ground-based and airborne measurements which offer valuable resources to calibrate and
validate satellite data;
•Consider exploring information on road networks to inform proximity to road.
•Make formal statements to space agencies to encourage relevant measurements;
•Nurture groups and communities that will inform the exposure dataset.
35 |
Public health and environment
Establishment of a web-based resource providing access/
web linkage to:
•
•
•
•
Results from the platform – methods, tools, results
Tools for estimating health impacts from air pollution at local level
Exposure-response functions
Access to air quality databases:
– WHO ambient air quality in cities,
– WHO household air pollution database,
– Joint ambient/ household air pollution (future)
• Analysis of trends.
• Burden of disease estimates.
• Awareness raising and communication tools.
• Collection of cost-effective interventions/ best practices to address
air pollution and health.
36 |
Public health and environment
Causes of air and climate pollutants
urban infrastructure
37 |
Public health and environment
A New Urban Health Project

Inform /support demand/ adoption of policy
choices/behaviours that:
• mitigate Air Pollution
• mitigate Climate Pollutants (SLCPs, CO2)
• maximize health benefits.

How? Equip/engage city actors in health, planning,
development, government…, with:
•
•
•
•
•
38 |
Health knowledge – interventions with greatest health benefits.
Tools for health assessment and for M&E/scenarios.
Strengthened institutional and technical capacity.
Framework of collaboration, monitoring and evaluation.
Communication/awareness raising
Public health and environment
Audiences
• Part of the implementation of the WHA resolution
68.8
• International efforts on sustainable Energy,
Transport, Energy, Waste Management, Land Use
• Cities already organized to address air pollution,
climate change, health (ICLEI, C40, Clean Air
Asia, Healthy Cities…)
• 5 to 7 pilot cities for in-depth work - model for
other cities
39 |
Public health and environment
Policies that fulfill multiple social objectives
Focus: main sources of air and climate pollutants
•
•
•
•
•
•
40 |
Transport
Waste burning
Home energy
Buildings
Land use plans
Industry
Public health and environment
1. Health benefits
from improving
•
•
•
•
•
Air pollution
Injuries,
Physical activity,
Noise,
Diets…
2. Air andClimate
pollutant reductions
Transport, energy, land use
policies / Combustion
Health benefits from AP reduction
41 |
Injuries, physical activity,
noise, diet,
Air pollution (PM)
Local/
short term
health
impacts
Climate change (SLCPs)
Climate change (CO2)
Public health and environment
Global/long
term health
impacts
A significant fraction of NCDs is attributable to
exposure to traffic-related air pollution
42 |
Public health and environment
Source: APHEKOM
'Healthy' urban transport can reduce chronic
disease, injuries and improve health equity
Better fuels and engines help, but
private vehicle transport increases
congestion, injuries, pollution, and
physical inactivity.
Rapid transit/NMT improves access
to schools, jobs & services for poor,
children, women, elderly & disabled,
improving equity. It can reduce injury,
cardiovascular disease & support
healthy physical activity.
Cycling to work reduced premature
mortality by 30% among commuter
groups in Shanghai & Copenhagen.
•
43 |
Public health and environment
Effectiveness of interventions - BCA:
WHO tool for estimating health economic
gains from cycling
HEAT for cycling and user guide from
www.euro.who.int/transport/policy/20070503_1
44 |
Public health and environment
Housing that is good for health
« Improved
insulation saved
0.26 months of
life per person »
(UK Warm Front
Programme)
« Reduced
wheezing, days-off
school, doctors'
visits were reported
by occupants of
insulated homes
« (NZ Insulation
study)
45 |
Photo 1
(graphic, table,
map, etc) zone
Public health and environment
Reduction of
respiratory
illness by 9% to
20% and
increase of
individual
productivity
between 0.48%
and 11% with
natural
ventilation
startegies
Health co-benefits in housing
Energy-efficient heating, cooling and natural ventilation
can reduce strokes and respiratory illness as well as
TB and vector-borne diseases;
A focus on slums /sub-standard housing - where needs
are greatest/benefits could be multiplied
Solar hot water heating - India
46 |
Public health and environment
Slum in Mexico City
Indoor emissions
• Outdoor  indoor
• Evidence base stronger
than for other approaches
• Implementation practicality
– via design, production,
standards, etc
• Some options (clean fuels),
are relatively independent
of user behaviour.
47 |
Public health and environment
48 |
Public health and environment
Recap: AP
• Air Pollution causes important risk to health
• Public health programmes have not focused on AP
• WHA resolution calls for better data, evidence of effective
interventions, communications and demand for solutions
• Capacity building for health sector to estimate health
benefits from policies in polluting sectors. Track health
gains of policy change
• SDG 3 and 11– requires AP data
• EO: need for higher resolution geographic temporal
variation (cities, roads, agriculture burning, industry…)
• To provide more precise estimates of AP over time,
location, and help track impact of policy changes
49 |
Public health and environment
Water and santitation
50 |
Public health and environment
Purposes of Global Monitoring
Global advocacy: monitoring for action
Measuring progress for the global community
Informing global investments
Informing investments at country
Supporting regional and country benchmarking
and reporting
Focus on national governments and citizens
51 |
Public health and environment
Transition in the development sector
MDGs
(born out of Millennium
Declaration: buy in of 189
Member States)
Focused on human
development
8 goals, 21 targets, 60
indicators
Countries did primary
evaluations and submitted
results to an overview
committee
52 |
Public health and environment
Post2015 development agenda
(post Rio+20 SDGs, SDSN, WHO-World
Bank UHC, HFA2 etc.)
growing consensus on sustainable
development ensuring economic, social
and environmental sustainability, and
good governance)
Goes beyond human development
OWG: 17 goals, 169 targets, more than
1000 indicators
Lessons from MDG monitoring
High focus on development: silent on sustainability etc.
Piggy backing on household surveys
Cost effective
Limits indicators and timely reporting
Admin data: quality improved in the last decade?
Earth observations:
Data available for cost effective monitoring
Billions in EO: developed countries contribution to monitoring?
53 |
Public health and environment
Task Team Contributors
• International: WHO, GEO, WMO, UNU-FLORES, WCRP
(GEWEX), WMO-CHY, CIESIN, World Bank, UN Global Pulse
• Countries: Australia (CSIRO), Bangladesh, China, Colombia, Japan
(MEXT), Germany, Pakistan, USA (USEPA, USGS, NSF, USACE,
US GEO),
• Space Agencies: ESA, JAXA, NASA, NOAA
• Academia and institutes: Chouaib Doukkali University (Morocco), U
of Tokyo, Chinese Academy of Sciences, U of Bonn, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, University of Twente, CUNY, U of Texas,
GMU, Delatres, Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, WRI
• Two members from SG IEAG on data revolution for SD
54 |
Public health and environment
UN proposal to OWG
• Achieve universal access to safe drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene
• Improve by (x%) the sustainable use and
development of water resources in all countries
• All countries strengthen equitable, participatory
and accountable water governance
• Reduce untreated wastewater by X%, nutrient
pollution by Y% and increase wastewater reuse by
Z%
• Reduce mortality by (x%) and economic loss by
(y%) from natural and human-induced waterrelated disasters
55 |
Public health and environment
OWG draft to UN General Assembly
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
56 |
6.1 by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6.2 by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
6.3 by 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release
of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater, and increasing
recycling and safe reuse by x% globally
6.4 by 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity, and substantially reduce the number of
people suffering from water scarcity
6.5 by 2030 implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through
transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6.6 by 2020 protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers,
aquifers and lakes
6.a by 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in
water and sanitation related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water
efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.b support and strengthen the participation of local communities for improving water and sanitation
management
Public health and environment
EO, novel data &
data integration
EO in next generation development monitoring
WASH
(WHO/UNICEF JMP)
domestic waste water
and reuse
WWM & WQ
industrial waste water
and reuse
water quality and
reuse
water withdrawals and
productivity
WRM
water withdrawals and
ecosystems
Integrated water
resources management
57 |
Public health and environment
57
•
Earth Observations for knowledge
and action
Earth observations include:
1)Satellite data (global, periodic)
2)In-situ measurements (local,
frequent)
• Observations on the cusp:
1)Data Assimilation System outputs
Courtesy: NASA
2)Model outputs
3)Citizen observations (Big data)
In-situ point measurements may not
always be representative of an area
58 |
Public health and environment
Courtesy: Environment Canada
EODI works to date:
The EOTT reviewed all of the WWQM and WRM indicators
and assessed how EO could be used to assess the UN Water
recommended indicators. The results are documented in the
EOTT indicators report.
Following the availability of TT reports a few members of
EODI TT reviewed the additional suggested indicators and
makes the following assessment and proposed further
contributions of EOTT.
59 |
Public health and environment
EO: need to integrate with socio-economic data
Potential EO Data
applications
EO Population Density
%dom
ww
treated
X
Infrastructure data-maps
Precipitation
%indus %munici
ww
pal ww
treated
reused
X
%indus
ww
reused
WQ (N,
Ph)
X
X
X
X
X
Water Cycle Data
X
X
Distributed Hydrologic
model
X
X
X
X
Water Use
X
On sustainability: to reconsider maximum use of available data, rather than trying to force fit
EO into the current paradigm
60 |
Public health and environment
EO and WRM
Indicator/data
type
EO Population
Density
Withdra %basi Storage Chang
w/availab ns with capacity
e in
ility
alloc /%avaul ecosyst
frmwk
able
em
X
Infrastructure datamaps
Precipitation
X
X
Water cycle data
Red
list,
living
planet
index
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Water storage
X
Ground water
X
Distributed
Hydrologic model
X
61 | Public
Water
Use health and environment
X
X
Water Domest
stress
ic use
per
capita
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Assessment of TT reports
• Lack of cross fertilization between the TTs
• EO largely not considered, like WQ, IWRM etc.
• Doesn't consider the capacity of national statistical systems, lack
links with UN Statistical Division
• Lack of innovation and transformative thinking
• Too many suggestions for questionnaire approach
• AQUASTAT, GEMSSTAT, are they 'fit for purpose'?
• General rule of indicators: from data, from use of tools…stats paper!
62 |
Public health and environment
Target 6.3: waste water indicators
EOTT recommended indicator: A consolidated indicator of waste
water production, treatment and reuse/recycling
Rationale: AQUASTAT and natural Environment agencies have
reliable statistics for some countries but are limited. Global
Estimates validated by AQUASTAT greatest promise
EO support for the indicator:
1)
2)
Population densities derived from Landsat data
can be combined with census data to estimate
Publicgeneration
health and environment
63 | water
waste
potential, Releases and
their impacts.
High resolution satellite images could
document the location of treatment
facilities.
Target 6.3: water quality indicators
EOTT recommended indicator: The UN Water indicator related to
Nitrogen and Phosphorus pollution in large lakes, water bodies
and coastal zones.
Rationale: The WQ TT report indicators seemed complex and
focused on point data. While improving GEMSTAT data is
desirable, an indicator that provides information for every country
is most desirable.
EO support for the indicator:
.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84125
Hydrologic models can estimate the movement and
LANDSAT
and MODIS data provide global data on changes of concentrations of pollutants (incl. N
64 | Public health and environment
phytoplankton blooms and sedimentation
and Ph) in rivers
Target 6.4: water-use efficiency and scarcity indicators
EOTT recommended indicator: indicator suggested by TT: Water Use
Efficiency Index and its variation in time and by sector.
Rationale: Water Use Efficiency is the critical indicator for the target
because it is foundational to the other objectives.
EO support: EO can provide comprehensive information on water
availability including precipitation & can be used to estimate
consumption of water through irrigation & others
Operational satellite
based average
precipitation
product from
NOAA
health and
environment
65 | Public
Irrigation
estimated
from
ET in Arizona
Target 6.5: IWRM indicators
EODI recommended indicator: Number of tools and data sets
available to support IWRM.
Rationale: Implementation of IWRM is very difficult and needs
to be enabled by the support of agencies and countries with this
vision.
EO support for the indicator:
The availability and sharing of satellite
information is not restricted by national
boundaries or national data policies.
Other basin-scale EO data relate to:
- Changes in water availability
- Water stress
- Storage capacity or CC impacts
66 |
Public health and environment
Basins
Countries
Lack of data sharing across
borders
Target 6.6: ecosystems indicators
EOTT recommended indicator: Natural Water Capital Index
Rationale: More relevant to water issues than some others in this TT
report. It also ties to some of the overall issues of Natural Capital and
ecosystem services that the UN may consider.
EO support for the Indicator:
EO can provide water
storage in
groundwater and
surface stores (lakes)
and measures of
wetland and
ecosystem extent
health and environment
67 | Public
Groundwater
variability
From NASA: variability in lake levels
Limitations
Analytical
Soundness
Direct
Measurability
Other SocioEconomic, and
Census/Statistical
Data Relevance
Indicator/Param
eter Type
Selected by EO
applicability
EO + EO-Based
Data Assimilation
Model Relevance
Evaluation of EO applicability
6.2 Waste Water
Computed as a residual product
using EO
6.3 Water
Quality
For Nitrates, Phosphates and Algae,
Phytoplankton Blooms and Sediment
6.4 Water
Efficiency
Accurate Quantification of Water
Use and Type Required
6.5 Water
Resource
Management
Associated “management” inputs
combined with EO on Water
availability/change variables
6.6 Natural
Water Capital
Index
68 | Public health and environment
Resolution and accuracy is
dependent on type of parameter,
data availability and application
Application of remote-sensed technologies to
main health risks from climate change
Risk maps of suitability for
vector-borne disease
transmission
City-level risk maps of
urban heat island effect
Satellite based weather
warnings connected to
operational health services
Qualitative assessment of the health impacts of
climate change in the late 21st century (IPCC, 2014)
69 |
Public health and environment
Use of remote-sensed technologies to enhance key
functions of health resilience to climate risks
Remote-sensing
highlighted as an
emerging technology
to enhance health
resilience
Remote-sensed risk
maps to inform V&A
assessments
Remote-sensing as
an input to health
early earning systems
70 |
WHO Operational framework on health resilience to
climate change. Inner circle is the standard "building
blocks" of health systems. Outer sections represent the
Public health and environment
key functions that should be strengthened to enhance
health resilience to climate change.